Business Financing and the Capital Structure Essay Example for Free

Business Financing and the Capital Structure EssayExplain the process of financial planning used to estimate asset coronation requirements for a corporation. Explain the concept of working capital management. Identify and briefly describe several financial instruments that ar used as marketable securities to parking area excess cash. As a business owner, it is important to know the value of your assets as they arsehole be used as leverage for obtaining gives and support be used to estimate your ability to remunerate your debts. Calculate your accredited assets, long-term investments, fixed assets and intangible assets and add them up to get your total business assets. Pledgeable assets go for more borrowing, which allows for further investment in pledgeable assets. The trade-off between liquidation costs and underinvestment costs implies that low-liquidity firms exhibit negative investment sensitivities to liquid funds, whereas high-liquidity firms have corroboratory s ensitivities.If real assets are not divisible in liquidation, firms with high financial liquidity optimally avoid external financing and instead cut newfangled investment. If real assets are divisible, firms use external financing, which implies a lower sensitivity. In addition, asset redeployability decreases the investment sensitivity. Financial management includes management of assets and liabilities in the long list and the short run. The management of fixed and real assets, however, differs in three important ways Firstly, in managing fixed assets, time is very important consequently discounting and compounding aspects of time element play an important role in capital budgeting and a minor one in the management of current assets. Secondly, the large holdings of current assets, especially cash, strengthen firms liquidity position but it also reduces its overall turn a profitability.Thirdly, the level of fixed as well as current assets depends upon the expected sales, but it is only the current assets, which can be adjusted with sales fluctuation in the short run. Marketable securities replenish cash promptly and earn higher tabulators than cash, but come with put on the lines maturity, yield, and liquidity should be considered. Marketable securities are the securities that can be easily liquidated without any delay at a reasonable price. Firms will maintain levels of marketable securities to ensure that they are able to quickly replenish cash balances and to obtain higher returns than is attainable by maintaining cash. thither are four factors that influence the choice ofmarketable securities. These include risks, maturity, yield, and liquidity. Assume that you are financial advisor to a business. Describe the advice that you would give to the client for elevator business capital using both debt and equity options in todays economy. Some business owners say ratios are an accountants problem.Thats not smart, says Dileep Rao, president of Minneapol is InterFinance Corp, a venture-finance consulting firm, and professor at the University of Minnesotas Carlson School of Management. Running your business without knowing your numbers is exchangeable driving a car without being able to see your delegation or speed, says Rao. Its only a matter of time before you crash.(Rao, 2011) The terms debt and equity get tossed around so casually that its worth reviewing their meanings. Debt financing refers to specie raised through nigh sort of loan, usually for a single purpose over a defined period of time, and usually secured by some sort of col lateral. Equity financing can be a founders money invested in the business or cash from angel investors, venture capital firms, or, rarely, a government-backed community development agencyall in exchange for a portion of ownership, and therefore a share in any profits. Equity typically becomes a source of long-term, general-use funds.The share of any hard assets, such as property and equipment, t hat you own free and clear also counts as equity. Striking the remediate balance between debt and equity financing means weighing the costs and benefits of each, making sure youre not sticking your conjunction with debt you cant afford to repay and minimizing the cost of capital. Choosing debt forces you to manage for cash flow, while, in a perfect world, taking on equity means youre placing a priority on growth. But in todays credit markets, raising equity may simply mean you cant borrow any more. Until recently, bank credit was a financing mainstay. But experiences like Flipses underlie a point made by the Federal Reserve Boards quarterly Senior Loan Officer Opinion Survey on entrust Lending Practices, released in November. According to loan officers, small- play along borrowers were tapping sources of funding other than banks. They were being driven away for many reasons.Banks continued to tighten standards and termson all major types of loans to businesses, though fewer were doing so than in late 2008, when tightening was nearly universal. Interest rates on small business loans were on the rise at 40% of the banks surveyed, even as the prime rate reached historic lows. One in five banks had reduced smallcompanies revolving credit lines. One in three had tightened their loan standards, and 40% had tightened collateral requirements. Partly because of the plunging value of the real estate securing many commercial loans, pressure from bank examiners for tighter standards continued to build. Meanwhile, home equity loans, another everyday source of small business cash, had evaporated. Many recession-weary business owners knew they had essentially become unbankable Loan officers surveyed said far fewer firms were seeking to borrow. Those few who could borrow were repelled by higher rates. All of a sudden, equity financing looked better. Explain why a business may decide to seek capital from a impertinent investor indicating the risk and rewards for such a t ermination. Provide support for rationale.Many investors choose to place a portion of their portfolios in foreign securities. This decision involves an analysis of mingled mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETF), or stock and bond offerings. However, investors often neglect an important first step in the process of international investing. When done properly, the decision to invest afield begins with a determination of the riskiness of the investment climate in the country under consideration. Country risk refers to the economic, political and business risks that are unique to a specific country, and that might result in unexpected investment losses. This article will examine the concept of country risk and how it can be analyzed by investors. There are many subtile sources of information on the economic and political climate of foreign countries. Newspapers, such as the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal and the Financial Times dedicate significant coverage to overseas ev ents.There are also many excellent weekly magazines covering international economics and politics the Economist is generally considered to be the standard bearer among weekly mankindations. For those seeking more in-depth coverage of a particular country or region, two excellent sources of objective, comprehensive country information are the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Central Intelligence self-assurance (CIA) World Fact Book. Either of these resources provides an investor with a broad overview of the economic, political, demographic and social climate of a country. The Economist Intelligence Unit also provides ratings for most of the worlds countries. These ratings can be used to supplement those issued by Moodys,SP, and the other traditional ratings agencies. Finally, the internet provides access to a host of information, including international editions of many foreign intelligence operationpapers and magazines.Reviewing locally produced news sources can sometimes prov ide a different perspective on the attractiveness of a country under consideration for investment. It is important to remember that diversification, which is a fundamental principle of domestic investing, is even more important when investing internationally. Choosing to invest an entire portfolio in a single country is not prudent. In a broadly diversified global portfolio, investments should be allocated among developed, emerging and perhaps frontier markets. Even in a more concentrated portfolio, investments should still be spread among several countries in order to maximize diversification and minimize risk. After the decision on where to invest has been made, an investor has to decide what investment vehicles he or she wishes to invest in.Investment options include sovereign debt, stocks or bonds of companies domiciled in the country(s) chosen, stocks or bonds of a U.S.-based company that derives a significant portion of its revenues from the country(s) selected, or an internat ionally focus exchange-traded fund (ETF) or mutual fund. The choice of investment vehicle is dependent upon each investors individual knowledge, experience, risk profile and return objectives. When in doubt, it may fuddle sense to start out by taking less risk more risk can always be added to the portfolio at a later date. In addition to thoroughly researching prospective investments, an international investor also needs to monitor his or her portfolio and adjust holdings as conditions dictate.As in the U.S., economic conditions overseas are constantly evolving, and political situations abroad can change quickly, particularly in emerging or frontier markets (Forbes, 2011). Situations that once seemed promising may no longer be so, and countries that once seemed too risky might now be viable investment candidates. Explain the historical relationships between risk and return for common stocks versus corporate bonds. Explain how diversification helps in risk reduction in a portfolio. Support response with actual data and concepts learned in this course.Portfolio diversification is the means by which investors minimize or eliminate their exposure to company-specific risk, minimize or reducesystematic risk and moderate the short-term cause of individual asset class performance on portfolio value. In a well-conceived portfolio, this can be accomplished at a minimal cost in terms of expected return. Such a portfolio would be considered to be a well-diversified. Although the concepts relevant to portfolio diversification are customarily explained with respect to the stock markets, the same key principals apply to all types of investments. For example, corporate bonds have specific risk that can be diversified away in the same manner as that of stocks. Bonds issued by companies represent the largest of the bond markets, bigger than U.S. Treasury bonds, municipal bonds, or securities offered by federal agencies (Worldbank, 2013).The risk associated with corporate bo nds depends on the financial stability and performance of the company issuing the bonds, because if the company goes bankrupt it may not be able to repay the value of the bond, or any return on investment. Assess the risk by checking the companys credit rating with ratings agencies such as Moodys and Standard Poors. Good ratings are not guarantees, however, as a company may show an excellent credit record until the day before filing for bankruptcy. When you purchase stock in a company during a public offering, you become a shareholder in the company. Some companies pay dividends to shareholders based on the number of shares held, and this is one form of return on investment.Another is the profit realized by trading on the stock exchange, provided you sell the shares at a higher price than you paid for them. The risks of owning common stock include the possible loss of any projected profit, as well as the money paid for the shares, if the share price drops below the original price. Corporate bonds hold the terminal risk of the three types of investments, provided you choose the right company in which to invest. The main reason for this is that in the event of bankruptcy, corporate bond holders have a stronger yell to payment than holders of common or preferred stocks. Bonds hold the risk of a lower return on investment, as the performance of stocks is generally better. Common stocks carry the highest risk, because holders are last to be paid in the event of bankruptcy. Preferred stocks generally have higher yields than corporate bonds, lower risk than common stocks, and a better claim to payment in the event of bankruptcy.ReferencesDileep Rao. 2011, InterFinance Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press. Forbes. 2011, Small Business Loans A Great Option . Retrieved on 6/19/2013 from http//www.forbes.com/sites/ryancaldbeck/2012/11/14/small-business-loans-a-great-option-unless-you-actually-need-money/ Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$) Data Table . Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 6/19/2013 from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV

India in the New World Order as Regional Power

India in the New valet Order as regional PowerINTRODUCTIONBackground1. out(p)standing changes at the spheric level concord initiated a process of reorientation of the origin distri besidesion in inter realmal politics. The changes initiated with the disintegration of the Union of Soviet genialist Republic (USSR ), the unification of Europe in pursuit of an identity of its own ,a sharp decline of communism has mass in a process of inflection in orbit affairs, the sudden mount of asian countries mainly China, India ASEAN Bloc, emergence of resurgent Russia and establishment of new scotch designer blocs like the G20,BRIC RIC. The emergence of ground pull ins as the sole super personnel and its global warf be on terror engage changed the certificate scenario for e very(prenominal) last(predicate) and sundry. The actual obscurity has given rise to new opportunities, new speculations and new considerations regarding index finger distribution. A gradual shift from a g eo- semi policy-making world find to a geo- stintingal world bless has arise to stay. on that point is no doubt that any future order would tolerate the considerations such as comprehensive recount of matteral effect to incl Economy and the origin it wields albeit in use uply, at the spirit of any multinational power game.2. Global shifts happen r bely and argon even less a lot pacific. The murder of power from west to east de go bad dramatic solelyy change the context of dealing with international ch completelyenges. In the early twentieth century the imperial order and the aspiring states of Germany and Japan failed to ad vindicatory to individually other(a). That led to wars which devastated the better part of the world. The coming shift in power testament pick out a commodiouser impact globally and will strike assimilation of diverse semipolitical and cultural agreements. todays rising powers seek redress of around date(prenominal) grievances, atom ic number 18 proudly nationalist and want to claim their sort outful train in the comity of nations. Asian rise in economic scathe will translate into greater political and array power, thus increasing the possible damage from conflicts. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair has noned that In the next two decades China and India will undergo industrialisation four footstep the size of the United States and at five times the speedFor the first time in many centuries, power is pitiable East. Blair added that In this new world, we must top off a path to partnership, not stand off against each other competing for power. The world go offnot afford a return to the 20th century struggles for hegemony.13. India world a part of this developingary and revolutionary economic process needs to apprise herself of these changes and redefine if requ fussinessd, her goals and inclinationives to emerge as a reckonable coerce from the present mesh of contradictions and complexities . The depot reckonable force can be redefined as constituental power when one views Indias prospects vis--vis her size, geo-strategic location, plethoric natural resources, size of deliverance and troops capability. The Indian nation is not just a nation, but a subcontinent. Being a subcontinent not only in size, but by its macrocosm which is in excess of One one thousand thousand, sets it asunder in a creative activity with a total population of a detailed to a higher place fin Billion means that in e precise Five Human being on Earth one is an Indian. It is on record that the Indian Armed Forces is the Fourth Largest in the World. India has since the past Twenty Eight eld been exerting her set in the second Asia sub-region. Thus India has functioned for over half her bound of indep give the axeence as a regional power. It is instructive that given the New World Order in which the US is about the only Super power, it is pertinent that in order to conserve the ch emical equilibrium of Power, that Nations like India with a long period of History devoid of expansionist propensity, should emerge as a Super power to enhance the sense of balance of power in the South Asian sub-region, and the World in general.4. The Indo-Pak conflict of 1971 leading to the emergence of Bangladesh, quietude guardianship operations in Srilanka, quick repression of an attempted coup detat in Maldives, deployment of Indian navy in Gulf of Aden and involvement of India in contrasting fora both on strategic geopolitical stage provide generous evidence that India possesses many of the attributes of a regional power. The emergence as a companionship economy and as a Human resource powerhouse, make India a force to reckon with today and soaked vibrant economy in future. In the recent past, India enhanced authority in plethora of world fora and the Indo-US atomic deal and subsequent ratification by Nuclear Suppliers Group IAEA. However, in some atomic number 18as like all round economic development, poverty, population explosion, literacy rates and international insurance to some extent, India is lacking at the moment. For India to emerge as a regional power, these unfavourable aras need critical attention and reappraisal. The Indian economy is ripening at an average rate of 8 per cent a year. Most Indian and foreign observers be confident that India will sustain this tempo of process in the near future, and will go on to become one of the worlds leading economies and a global political power in 2020. A a couple of(prenominal) voices draw attention to the tremendous economic, political and societal challenges facing India that the country must overcome before it can lay claim to being a world power 2.Statement of the contention5. A countrys role in the international system is not a random occurrence or a result of an accident but is essentially a function of its power position in the international hierarchy. To sire a Subjec t Role in international politics is to be a part of the power structure that makes vital decisions about the fate and destiny of the international system and the nations inside it. The target Role nations are at the receiving end of the decisions made by the subject role nations. A third in-between category is that of an autarkic sum of money of power. These nations do not have the leverage to influence the course of the international system as a whole, but do possess enough capability to have, within a given configuration of power, a considerable degree of autonomy and the capability to resist the application of unwelcome decisions. While subject nations have global influence, independent centres of power are often dominant or pre-eminent in a certain region. They may, therefore may also be referred to as regional Powers . Typically a subject nation resists the emergence of a regional power for to accommodate others to a similar role is to diminish ones own power. The intentio n is to extend ones own power and motion domination over others so as to reduce the emerging regional powers to the stead of a mere object nation.36. India gained pre-eminence in South Asia in the result of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 but more recently with the steady economic proceeds and growing international stature have made it a power centre in South Asia. With the recent changes in the world politics and diffusion of power, countries with regional prominence have come to possess a great cleverness for asserting their regional pre-eminence. In this context, India has the capability and the potence to be elevated to the status of a regional power. An psychoanalysis of motley factors in the light of international power structure would facilitate the prognosis of the status India is presumable to achieve by 2020 AD.Aim7. To assess Indias potentiality in the new world order so as to forecast the prospects of India emerging as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD.Justific ation for the Study8. Ever since gaining liberty in 1947, India has go slowly but steadily towards its role as a regional power . historically India has been the seat of famous ancient civicisations. It invokes memories of past greatness, though episodic and of epochs of creativity, not only in Philosophy and Literature but also in comprehension and Mathematics. The fact that the last several centuries axiom India under alien rule only makes aspirations in the restoration of greatness all the more bassly felt4. Indias influence in South Asia in special(prenominal) and the world in general, is beginning to emerge. A study of various factors that would aid Indias emergence, as well as various impediments that retard this process merit analysis. India is a fast steadily developing country and stands among the top few industrial nations in the world and has a quickly growing industrial sector. Although poverty, illiteracy and wellness deficiencies are some of the vexing problems , yet only few nations have bigheartedr pools of trained professionals, scientific, technological and executive director talents than that in India.9. India, as a nation is about over half a century old. In this period of her independence, she has exhibited character and pedigree. She was instrumental to the creation of the Non align Movement in the cold war era. She has on the issue of Nuclear Non proliferation taken a consistent stance even though this posture has met with the ire of the developed world has not deterred her. This place was present by her refusal to sign the CTBT. It is on record that it took her more than a quarter of a century to go for out a follow up nuclear test. This could be placed at the doorstep of the fact that her good neighbours China and Pakistan have continued to ramp up themselves with these offensive weapons. India in her nuclear policy states that she would abide with the principles of no-first strike, nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone o f that policy. And to continue to advocate for a ban on nuclear weapons like the type achieved on chemical substance and Biological warfare weapons and the ban on use of land mines. These stated positions have recently been understood and apprehended by the entire world law and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and its subsequent ratification at Nuclear Supplier Group International Atomic nil Asssociation have jumboly vindicated Indian stance on these issues. The engagement involvement of India in G8, BRIC, RIC, ASEAN, IBSA in the geopolitical arena. The positions on WTO Climate change are also a case in point for growing stature of India on world stage.10. The Information Technology IT propels the world of technology. In this field India has demonstrated outstanding abilities. In the Silicon valley of American, it is reported that 60,000 Indians operating there could collectively boast of assets worth more five hundred billion dollars. This is no mean achievement. Its effect on Ind ia is the confirmative development of the Asian Silicon Valley in Bangalore, Karnataka. In the field of IT, the Indian nation has arrived. For this simple reasons her Engineers and Technologists are being sought across the globe. This is not to talk of the influence of Indian notemen, in other continents like Africa, where they command an imposing stature in the palm of Textile technology and Pharmaceuticals. Indias stature as an IT Knowledge base powerhouse is a major factor in its rise at the world stage. India is a single democratic political entity, though slightly marred by development problems and religious regional strifes varying from state to state. In view of the existing fluidity in the Asian region following the global paradigm, shift in the power distribution and the present status of India, an attempt to foresee Indias evolution as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 would be relevant.Scope11. The scope of this paper would be limited to analysing various factor s establishment the emergence of India as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Indias performance as an independent state would be given a legal brief overview along with her present status in the region.Preview12. To analyse the future, it is essential to critically evaluate Indias power potential as well as the impediments enroute. India has inherited a volatile, ethnic, religious and social mix that generates inexpugnable cross-currents of tension between the states of the region. Added to this are the domestic under-currents of religious fundamentalism, communal tensions, get hold of for autonomous/ independent states and inherent problems of a multi-lingual and multi-racial society.13. Indias quest for the regional power status in this turbulent environment is underwritten by an increasingly open and vibrant economy and a Military Industrial complex that stretches deep into the bureaucratic structure of the nation. However, Indias attention has been foc apply more on the problems associated with its immediate neighbourhood and on nation make watering, than on the Indian Ocean region, let solely the world. Its ironic that slice on one hand it is the problems of the neighbourhood that have largely driven Indias military build up, on the other hand it is these very problems that continue to limit its strategic reach. It is this combination of a drive for a great power status and increase regional and national problems that pose a number of questions about Indias future. This paper endeavours to answer some of these questions.Source of the Data14. The source of the data are the various books in the college library, various magazines and articles written by various people from time to time. Internet was also used for collection of data and articles. Bibliography is attached at Appx A. sketch HISTORY15. The colonial powers that ruled India for centuries, plain visualised her potential and attempted to undermine it through a process of gradual disin tegration. Formation of Pakistan is one lifelike example of such designs. After independence, the citizens of India have displayed remarkable resilience to destructive forces. Despite impediments like poverty, corruption, ailing bureaucracy and population explosion, India has made significant come out in various fields to incl education, manufacturing, knowledge ground industry, IT, piazza technology, pharmaceutical industry. Today India ranks among fastest growing economies of the world and IT Knowledge based industry powerhouse.16. In the past sixty years afterward independence, India has acquired great matureness and realism in the management of its strategic environment albeit with considerable pain and sacrifice. Indias posture has been based on a realistic mind of its capabilities. It projects a defensive, progress oriented stance rather than an expansionist or a hegemonistic stance. India has continued to follow and deal out the ideology of non-alignment and is now on the sceptre of coming out of its shell to play an most-valuable role at the world stage as a Global player if not as atleast as a regional player. The nuclear agreement, which followed three weeks later, calling for the separation of Indias nuclear facilities into noncombatant and military, and bringing Indias civilian facilities under international safeguards in re-sentencing for nuclear energy cooperation, demonstrated the growing strategic convergence between the US India. Domestic political considerations have come in the way of the Indian government operationalising the nuclear deal. That notwithstanding, the deal was widely welcomed in India because it opened the doors for India to participate in civilian nuclear job with members of the NSG while allowing it to retain its nuclear weapons create by mental act despite being international the NPT5.PRESENT STATUS17. Contemporarily, India enjoys a leading status in South Asia. Militarily, she has displayed her potential ei ther in a direct conflict, coercion or allaying any belligerence by its potential adversaries. Birth of Bangladesh, intervention in Sri Lanka Maldives, Indian maritime involvement in Gulf of Aden are a few indicators that India has acquired a great measure of regional hegemony.18. Power status takes into account an ideological or political role and above all the economic health of a nation. Regional hegemony or dominance implies the existence of local military pre-ponderance and the availability of non-military instruments of pressure, including economic coercion. Studies of strategic power in the world politics commonly assign to India the status of a middle power of some regional significance, but little more6. A state such as India, by virtue of its size, resources and geographical location, finds herself a power in regional terms whether or not it seeks the differentiate and despite the fact that allits capabilities for regional dominance are not yet fully exploited. Indias c urrent pre-eminence over its neighbours, however, is so substantial that its position has been accepted by the entire world, and implicitly so by all South Asian states as well7.19. Recent years have witnessed a steady branch in Indias power, based upon a strong economic performance. According to the World Bank, Indias per capita income is now higher than Chinas and some reports put its rate of economic growth above Chinas in real terms9.20. Furthermore, with the prospect of a declining role for the superpowers in the region, Indias growth in military capability is likely to leave it stronger in relative as well as absolute terms. The in one case Soviet Union is no longer a major factor in the Indian Ocean and the peace dividend in the world politics may eventually lead to a reduced presence on the part of the United States 10.21. While Indias emerging role is well acknowledged in the world, there are clear limitations both upon the current extent of Indias power and upon the r ate at which that power will accrue. With India, it has been very much the question of WATCH THIS office 11.INDIA S POWER POTENTIALGeo-Strategic Location.22. India shares its borders with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It has close proximity to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Therefore, in South Asia, it has to directly interact with many neighbours. Strategically, India lies astraddle the Indian ocean, flanking the Persian Gulf and the psyche of Malacca. It lies across the routes from West Asia to South-East and East Asia. Therefore, the dominating position of India and its island territories would enable it to control the sea lines of communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.Natural Resources.23. India has abundant natural resources. Its soil varies greatly from region to region. It is alluvial in the northern plains, sandy in the western desert, dull in the Deccan Plateau and coarse in the hilly terrain. Each type is suitable for a par ticular group of crops. There are areas where trees grow on their own. They form the source of timber, pulp, resin, lac, gum and cane12.24. Indias hydro-electric and blacken militia are massive. Oil exploration is limited but off shorepotentials suggest a great amount of self reliance. Indias Thorium reserves are large. Its known reserves of Iron ore, which pose 10% of the worlds total and those of a wide range of other minerals suggest that India has the potential for a relatively independent economy13.Human Resources.25. Human resources are of paramount importance in any economy. A human being comes not only with a give tongue to and a belly for consumption, but also with two hands to work. The adverse effects of unchecked population growth cannot be ignored however, given the right direction and awakening, the population can be utilised constructively. A large young population helps to boost demand by providing an protracted and growing trade for industrial products. It can lower wages, increase profits and output, encourage industrial development and open employment avenues. This is borne out by the fact that numerous MNCs are investing huge sums of money to tap the cheap Indian labour and the abundant ready market.Economic Base.26. trough recently, multiple restrictions on private business co-operation and the goal of achieving economic self reliance had shackled the Indian economy by hindering unprejudiced co-operation from industrial nations. With the adoption of a fully grownised economic policy, an extensive economic relation is now growing. The new economic policy lays greater emphasis on private go-ahead and intensified contestation for dynamic industrial progress and mordenisation. Prospects for a substantial upswing of economic growth seem to be favourable now.27. India has huge reserves of important raw material and a large domestic market. It also has a large group of entrepenures and managers experienced in organising and managing in dustrial enterprises under difficult circumstances. disposed(p) the improved setting for entrepreneurial activities, the large number of scientists and engineers, some of them highly qualified professionals, trained overseas or with practical foreign experience, could be of immense benefit to the country14.28. The expectations of economic development are based on an economic policy that is yet in its infancy. For long term stability the creation of a congenial atmosphere for foreign investing is necessary. Our focus would have to shift from development of industrial sector to the improvement of institutional framework for long term development. Greater efforts to improve social security are needed to cushion the effects of intensified industrial competition and to open up new possibilities for the impoverish classes to take a share in the economic development.Science and Technology.29. India began to develop its capabilities in science and technology soon after independence. Howe ver, the overall programme while impressive compared to that of other poor countries is wretched and poorly organised in relation to the countrys potential and requirements15. Of the total question and development in the country, only 25% is used to promote innovation in industry and agriculture, while the major chunk contributes to development in areas like atomic energy, space programme and self-renunciation equipment.30. The latest thrust to uplift the economy has renewed the vigour in the sphere of science and technology also. The private sector has shown great promise to measure upto the national requirements and a healthy competition with other nations can be seen specially in areas like computer emollientware and electronics. Numerous institutions are doing some original and promising research in various fields.Political System31. Indias political system was initially reign by the fine urban elite group comprising leaders of the nationalist movement and an elitist civil service. At the state level, elected representatives wielded impressive influence in directing benefits to their constituencies and acting as channels of malady and pressure within the bureaucracy. The system moved rapidly to broaden its base of bind by bringing the bulk of peasantry into the system and also by including small business and trading interests. The evolution of such a system from the authoritarian colonial rule was accompanied by tension and uneven progress.32. India had managed to operate a complex constitutional, federal, parliamentary and party dominated political system with remarkable effectiveness. Indias manifold diversity and communal problems often raise the spectre of disintegration these are common to a nation state building process that the developed countries experienced a century ago. In the Indian democratic set-up, its people have displayed a great amount of maturity in preserving their rights. Any display of authoritarianism by a democratically el ected government has met with stiff opposition. A vivid example is the imposition of touch in 1975 by Mrs Gandhi and her subsequent electoral defeat in 1977. The emergency and the general elections of 1977 were a test of democracy, resembling in significance to a social revolution16.33. A seemingly large section of illiterate electorate is well aware of its might and is critical of the people who represent them in higher offices. India has managed to solve or at least contain major disputes on language policy and regional autonomy. At the same time religious, caste based and even communist organisations have been brought in and operate in a largely peaceful democratic institution. Indias political leaders have shown a firm resolution in making of both foreign and defence policies. The military also operates under political direction. Inherent stability is provided to the system by the presence of well open up institutions like judiciary, banking and stock exchange.34. Future pol itical crisis no doubt loom large, but this can only be expected considering the countrys social and economic metamorphosis. The specialty and resilience of the Indian democratic system indicates that not only would it continue in the coming years but would also gain more loudness and experience.Military Capability.35. Since their debacle in the 1962 Sino- Indian conflict, the Indian Armed Forces have come a long way. Today India possesses adequate defence capability to smell after her interests. India is able to produce diverse military items such as small arms, field and anti-aircraft recoilless guns, howitzers, support electronic items, anti-tank, anti-aircraft and naval missiles, armoured vehicles, ultrasonic aircraft, helicopters, anti-submarine frigates, fast patrol boats and missile boats17. It has also demonstrated Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) technology. In space science, India is amongst the world leaders. All this has been achieved at a moderate expendit ure of 3% of GNP per annum.Nuclear Potential.36. Having successfully exploded its first nuclear device on 18 May 1974 India has continued to maintain a stance of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes alone. However, the potential of India to develop a nuclear polish up cannot be denied. Indias nuclear structure is kinda modify. Beginning with the construction of Asias (outside erstwhile USSR ) first nuclear reactor in 1956, India has acquired the following major facilities18-(a) Half a dozen nuclear research reactors, all but one built without foreign assistance or participation.(b) The ability to design and construct from equipment manufactured indigenously one 500 MW nuclear power station every second year.(c) The competence to fabricate all sensitive nuclear instruments, fuelling assemblies, special alloys and materials, fissile plutonium and thorium from its own processes and plants.(d) Asias first indigenously constructed variable energy cyclotron.(e) Numerous other n uclear activities and support facilities, isotope production, mines, medicines, seismic arrays, fissile U-223, extraction processes, fusion, uranium enrichment research and so on.Openness and Resilience.37. Except for the brief period of emergency, India has had an open society with an active press and an intellectual community. Indian political and economic affairs are subject to constant criticism. Critics find tuition on India more readily available than for China, Pakistan and several developing countries. In addition, there is a constant fertilize of constructive criticism from internal sources. Viewed and used correctly, this criticism provides important inputs for betterment. Indian resilience is a widely recognised phenomenon. Many hostile designs to covertly dilapidate India became ineffective owing to the conciliatory approach of the polity. Factional and religio ethnic conflicts can only be expected in a country comprising of people with widely diversified religious f aith. The phenomenon of sporadic flare ups is likely to continue in the coming decades too. At the same time, India would be able to absorb such irritants and continue its marching forward into the 21st century.RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIESSouth Asian Strategic Environment.38. The strategic environment in South Asia has been remarkably conflict laden characterised by wars or hostile relations between neighbours, specially between India and her neighbours. Despite this history of war, nations do engage each other in peaceful competition as well as in a large amount of outright co-operation. The changes in the Indian foreign and security policy since the end of the Cold war have been rapid and radical. They have taken place as a reaction to the perceived rather far reaching changes in the global and regional security environments. The growing problem with terrorism, in terms of domestic, Kashmiri and international terrorism, manifested itself in attacks in major Ind ian cities, the hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight and the attack against the Indian parliament. Moreover, the exponentially growing power of China, its strategic assistance to Pakistan and the sudden disappearance of the Soviet backing to balance Chinas growing global and regional power resulted in a feeling of encirclement and relative isolation. India felt it had to become a normal nation by placing considerations of national security above its handed-down focus on liberal internationality and the nonalignment/ third world cause. Indias regional policy has been in clear contrast to its global preference of multilateralism and rejection of the ideas of balance of power and exclusive spheres of influence. In the region, India has favorite(a) to handle unresolved issues with neighbours bilaterally and uphold regional security on the premise of its own hegemony and by keeping great powers out of the region. In terms of European security interests in South Asia, the opportuniti es for EU security policy are limited to soft measures aimed at promoting peace and stability in the region, and in Kashmir in particular. Hence, in order to promote a lasting peace in the region, the EU should utilize stop diplomacy aimed at promoting a peaceful solution in Kashmir through all available venues and prepare to provide technical and financial assistance if a peace agreement is reached. Whilst the EU should actively promote the peaceful resolution of Kashmir, its own experiences show that economic interdependence can have significant despotic effects in creating facilitating conditions for peace and stability. Hence, EU policies towards India and Pakistan, as well as South Asia in general, should be aimed at advocating and supporting increasing regional economic interdependence and cooperation. The EU should also kindle and further develop its strategic partnership with India, but without neglecting Pakistan.1939. Those enable regional powers to influence their neig hbors and to protect themselves from disagreeable outside interference (Waltz 1979 191/192). In contrast to this, liberal institutional approaches have emphasized soft power aspects with cultural attraction, ideology, and international institutions as the mainresources (Nye 1990 167). Neo-realism and liberal-institutionalism have different understandings of the concept of power. Neo-realism emphasises the capacity of states to influence others to birth as it wants them to behave whereas the cooptive power of liberal-institutionalism aims at getting others to want whatyou want (ibid.).Concepts of fractious and soft power can be regarded as two poles on a continuum of power. They also imply different ideas, interactions and institutions for foreign policy when looking at the fields of politics, security, and economy. Ideally hard power strategies focus on military intervention, coercive diplomacy, and economic sanctions in order to enforce national interests resulting in confrontati onal policies vis--vis neighbouring countries. In contrast to this soft power strategies emphasise common political values, peaceful means for conflict management, and economic co-operation in order to achieve common solutions20.40. A reassessment of changed of the changed geopolitical and geostrategic realities of South Asia, has to be undertaken by India. If it wishes to enlarge its option in the global regional pulls and pushes it has to tread a course which enables it to safeguard its national interests without treading on controversy.21 India relations with its neighbours will be the roughly important factIndia in the New World Order as Regional PowerIndia in the New World Order as Regional PowerINTRODUCTIONBackground1. Dramatic changes at the global level have initiated a process of reorientation of the power distribution in international politics. The changes initiated with the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR ), the unification of Europe in p ursuit of an identity of its own ,a sharp decline of communism has set in a process of transition in world affairs, the sudden rise of asian countries mainly China, India ASEAN Bloc, emergence of resurgent Russia and establishment of new economic power blocs like the G20,BRIC RIC. The emergence of USA as the sole super power and its global war on terror have changed the security scenario for all and sundry. The existing obscurity has given rise to new opportunities, new speculations and new considerations regarding power distribution. A gradual shift from a geo-political world order to a geo-economical world order has come to stay. There is no doubt that any future order would have the considerations such as comprehensive national power to incl Economy and the power it wields albeit indirectly, at the centre of any international power game.2. Global shifts happen rarely and are even less often peaceful. The transfer of power from west to east will dramatically change the context o f dealing with international challenges. In the early 20th century the imperial order and the aspiring states of Germany and Japan failed to adjust to each other. That led to wars which devastated the better part of the world. The coming shift in power will have a greater impact globally and will require assimilation of diverse political and cultural systems. Todays rising powers seek redress of past grievances, are proudly nationalistic and want to claim their rightful place in the comity of nations. Asian rise in economic terms will translate into greater political and military power, thus increasing the potential damage from conflicts. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair has noted that In the next two decades China and India will undergo industrialisation four times the size of the United States and at five times the speedFor the first time in many centuries, power is moving East. Blair added that In this new world, we must clear a path to partnership, not stand off against each other competing for power. The worldcannot afford a return to the 20th century struggles for hegemony.13. India being a part of this evolutionary and revolutionary economic process needs to apprise herself of these changes and redefine if required, her goals and objectives to emerge as a reckonable force from the present mesh of contradictions and complexities. The term reckonable force can be redefined as regional power when one views Indias prospects vis--vis her size, geo-strategic location, abundant natural resources, size of economy and military capability. The Indian nation is not just a nation, but a subcontinent. Being a subcontinent not only in size, but by its population which is in excess of One Billion, sets it apart in a World with a total population of a little above Five Billion means that in every Five Human being on Earth one is an Indian. It is on record that the Indian Armed Forces is the Fourth Largest in the World. India has since the past Twenty Eight years been exerting her influence in the South Asia sub-region. Thus India has functioned for over half her period of independence as a regional power. It is instructive that given the New World Order in which the US is about the only Super power, it is pertinent that in order to maintain the Balance of Power, that Nations like India with a long period of History devoid of expansionist propensity, should emerge as a Super power to enhance the balance of power in the South Asian sub-region, and the World in general.4. The Indo-Pak conflict of 1971 leading to the emergence of Bangladesh, peace keeping operations in Srilanka, quick repression of an attempted coup in Maldives, deployment of Indian navy in Gulf of Aden and involvement of India in various fora both on strategic geopolitical stage provide ample evidence that India possesses many of the attributes of a regional power. The emergence as a knowledge economy and as a Human resource powerhouse, make India a force to reckon with today and strong vibrant economy in future. In the recent past, India enhanced role in plethora of world fora and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and subsequent ratification by Nuclear Suppliers Group IAEA. However, in some areas like all round economic development, poverty, population explosion, literacy rates and foreign policy to some extent, India is lacking at the moment. For India to emerge as a regional power, these unfavourable areas need critical attention and reappraisal. The Indian economy is growing at an average rate of 8 per cent a year. Most Indian and foreign observers are confident that India will sustain this tempo of growth in the near future, and will go on to become one of the worlds leading economies and a global political power in 2020. A few voices draw attention to the tremendous economic, political and social challenges facing India that the country must overcome before it can lay claim to being a world power 2.Statement of the Argument5. A countrys role in the international system is not a random occurrence or a result of an accident but is basically a function of its power position in the international hierarchy. To have a Subject Role in international politics is to be a part of the power structure that makes vital decisions about the fate and destiny of the international system and the nations within it. The Object Role nations are at the receiving end of the decisions made by the subject role nations. A third in-between category is that of an independent centre of power. These nations do not have the leverage to influence the course of the international system as a whole, but do possess enough capability to have, within a given configuration of power, a considerable degree of autonomy and the capability to resist the application of unwelcome decisions. While subject nations have global influence, independent centres of power are often dominant or pre-eminent in a certain region. They may, therefore may also be referred to as Regiona l Powers . Typically a subject nation resists the emergence of a regional power for to accommodate others to a similar role is to diminish ones own power. The tendency is to extend ones own power and exercise domination over others so as to reduce the emerging regional powers to the status of a mere object nation.36. India gained pre-eminence in South Asia in the aftermath of the Indo-Pak war of 1971 but more recently with the steady economic growth and growing international stature have made it a power centre in South Asia. With the recent changes in the world politics and diffusion of power, countries with regional prominence have come to possess a great capacity for asserting their regional pre-eminence. In this context, India has the capability and the potential to be elevated to the status of a regional power. An analysis of various factors in the light of international power structure would facilitate the prognosis of the status India is likely to achieve by 2020 AD.Aim7. To a ssess Indias potential in the new world order so as to forecast the prospects of India emerging as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD.Justification for the Study8. Ever since gaining independence in 1947, India has moved slowly but steadily towards its role as a regional power . Historically India has been the seat of famous ancient civilisations. It invokes memories of past greatness, though episodic and of epochs of creativity, not only in Philosophy and Literature but also in Science and Mathematics. The fact that the last several centuries saw India under alien rule only makes aspirations in the restoration of greatness all the more deeply felt4. Indias influence in South Asia in particular and the world in general, is beginning to emerge. A study of various factors that would aid Indias emergence, as well as various impediments that retard this process merit analysis. India is a fast steadily developing country and stands among the top few industrial nations in the worl d and has a rapidly growing industrial sector. Although poverty, illiteracy and health deficiencies are some of the vexing problems, yet only few nations have larger pools of trained professionals, scientific, technological and executive talents than that in India.9. India, as a nation is about over half a century old. In this period of her independence, she has exhibited character and pedigree. She was instrumental to the creation of the Non Aligned Movement in the cold war era. She has on the issue of Nuclear Non proliferation taken a consistent stance even though this posture has met with the ire of the developed world has not deterred her. This attitude was demonstrated by her refusal to sign the CTBT. It is on record that it took her more than a quarter of a century to carry out a follow up nuclear test. This could be placed at the doorstep of the fact that her good neighbours China and Pakistan have continued to arm themselves with these offensive weapons. India in her nuclear policy states that she would abide with the principles of no-first strike, nuclear deterrence as the cornerstone of that policy. And to continue to advocate for a ban on nuclear weapons like the type achieved on Chemical and Biological warfare weapons and the ban on use of land mines. These stated positions have recently been understood and appreciated by the entire world polity and the Indo-US Nuclear deal and its subsequent ratification at Nuclear Supplier Group International Atomic Energy Asssociation have largely vindicated Indian stance on these issues. The engagement involvement of India in G8, BRIC, RIC, ASEAN, IBSA in the geopolitical arena. The positions on WTO Climate change are also a case in point for growing stature of India on world stage.10. The Information Technology IT propels the world of technology. In this field India has demonstrated outstanding abilities. In the Silicon Valley of American, it is reported that 60,000 Indians operating there could collective ly boast of assets worth more five hundred billion dollars. This is no mean achievement. Its effect on India is the collateral development of the Asian Silicon Valley in Bangalore, Karnataka. In the field of IT, the Indian nation has arrived. For this simple reasons her Engineers and Technologists are being sought across the globe. This is not to talk of the influence of Indian businessmen, in other continents like Africa, where they command an imposing stature in the fields of Textile technology and Pharmaceuticals. Indias stature as an IT Knowledge base powerhouse is a major factor in its rise at the world stage. India is a single democratic political entity, though slightly marred by development problems and religious regional strifes varying from state to state. In view of the existing fluidity in the Asian region following the global paradigm, shift in the power distribution and the present status of India, an attempt to foresee Indias evolution as a regional power in South A sia by 2020 would be relevant.Scope11. The scope of this paper would be limited to analysing various factors governing the emergence of India as a regional power in South Asia by 2020 AD. Indias performance as an independent state would be given a brief overview along with her present status in the region.Preview12. To analyse the future, it is essential to critically evaluate Indias power potential as well as the impediments enroute. India has inherited a volatile, ethnic, religious and social mix that generates strong cross-currents of tension between the states of the region. Added to this are the domestic under-currents of religious fundamentalism, communal tensions, demand for autonomous/ independent states and inherent problems of a multi-lingual and multi-racial society.13. Indias quest for the regional power status in this turbulent environment is underwritten by an increasingly open and vibrant economy and a Military Industrial complex that stretches deep into the bureaucr atic structure of the nation. However, Indias attention has been focused more on the problems associated with its immediate neighbourhood and on nation building, than on the Indian Ocean region, let alone the world. Its ironic that while on one hand it is the problems of the neighbourhood that have largely driven Indias military build up, on the other hand it is these very problems that continue to limit its strategic reach. It is this combination of a drive for a great power status and intensifying regional and national problems that pose a number of questions about Indias future. This paper endeavours to answer some of these questions.Source of the Data14. The source of the data are the various books in the college library, various magazines and articles written by various people from time to time. Internet was also used for collection of data and articles. Bibliography is attached at Appx A.BRIEF HISTORY15. The colonial powers that ruled India for centuries, apparently visualised her potential and attempted to undermine it through a process of gradual disintegration. Formation of Pakistan is one vivid example of such designs. After independence, the citizens of India have displayed remarkable resilience to destructive forces. Despite impediments like poverty, corruption, ailing bureaucracy and population explosion, India has made significant progress in various fields to incl education, manufacturing, knowledge based industry, IT, space technology, pharmaceutical industry. Today India ranks among fastest growing economies of the world and IT Knowledge based industry powerhouse.16. In the past sixty years after independence, India has acquired great maturity and realism in the management of its strategic environment albeit with considerable pain and sacrifice. Indias posture has been based on a realistic assessment of its capabilities. It projects a defensive, progress oriented stance rather than an expansionist or a hegemonistic stance. India has continued to follow and propagate the ideology of non-alignment and is now on the threshold of coming out of its shell to play an important role at the world stage as a Global player if not as atleast as a regional player. The nuclear agreement, which followed three weeks later, calling for the separation of Indias nuclear facilities into civilian and military, and bringing Indias civilian facilities under international safeguards in exchange for nuclear energy cooperation, demonstrated the growing strategic convergence between the US India. Domestic political considerations have come in the way of the Indian government operationalising the nuclear deal. That notwithstanding, the deal was widely welcomed in India because it opened the doors for India to participate in civilian nuclear commerce with members of the NSG while allowing it to retain its nuclear weapons programme despite being outside the NPT5.PRESENT STATUS17. Contemporarily, India enjoys a leading status in South Asia. Militari ly, she has displayed her potential either in a direct conflict, coercion or allaying any belligerence by its potential adversaries. Birth of Bangladesh, intervention in Sri Lanka Maldives, Indian Naval involvement in Gulf of Aden are a few indicators that India has acquired a great measure of regional hegemony.18. Power status takes into account an ideological or political role and above all the economic health of a nation. Regional hegemony or dominance implies the existence of local military pre-ponderance and the availability of non-military instruments of pressure, including economic coercion. Studies of strategic power in the world politics commonly assign to India the status of a middle power of some regional significance, but little more6. A state such as India, by virtue of its size, resources and geographical location, finds herself a power in regional terms whether or not it seeks the label and despite the fact that allits capabilities for regional dominance are not yet fully exploited. Indias current pre-eminence over its neighbours, however, is so substantial that its position has been recognised by the entire world, and implicitly so by all South Asian states as well7.19. Recent years have witnessed a steady growth in Indias power, based upon a strong economic performance. According to the World Bank, Indias per capita income is now higher than Chinas and some reports put its rate of economic growth above Chinas in real terms9.20. Furthermore, with the prospect of a declining role for the superpowers in the region, Indias growth in military capability is likely to leave it stronger in relative as well as absolute terms. The erstwhile Soviet Union is no longer a major factor in the Indian Ocean and the peace dividend in the world politics may eventually lead to a reduced presence on the part of the United States 10.21. While Indias emerging role is well acknowledged in the world, there are clear limitations both upon the current extent of India s power and upon the rate at which that power will accrue. With India, it has been very much the question of WATCH THIS SPACE 11.INDIA S POWER POTENTIALGeo-Strategic Location.22. India shares its borders with China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Nepal and Bhutan. It has close proximity to Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Therefore, in South Asia, it has to directly interact with many neighbours. Strategically, India lies astride the Indian ocean, flanking the Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca. It lies across the routes from West Asia to South-East and East Asia. Therefore, the dominating position of India and its island territories would enable it to control the sea lines of communication between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.Natural Resources.23. India has abundant natural resources. Its soil varies greatly from region to region. It is alluvial in the northern plains, sandy in the western desert, black in the Deccan Plateau and coarse in the hilly terrain. Each type is s uitable for a particular group of crops. There are areas where trees grow on their own. They form the source of timber, pulp, resin, lac, gum and cane12.24. Indias hydro-electric and coal reserves are massive. Oil exploration is limited but off shorepotentials suggest a great amount of self reliance. Indias Thorium reserves are large. Its known reserves of Iron ore, which represent 10% of the worlds total and those of a wide range of other minerals suggest that India has the potential for a relatively independent economy13.Human Resources.25. Human resources are of paramount importance in any economy. A human being comes not only with a mouth and a belly for consumption, but also with two hands to work. The adverse effects of unchecked population growth cannot be ignored however, given the right direction and awakening, the population can be utilised constructively. A large young population helps to boost demand by providing an extensive and growing market for industrial products. I t can lower wages, increase profits and output, encourage industrial development and open employment avenues. This is borne out by the fact that numerous MNCs are investing huge sums of money to tap the cheap Indian labour and the immense ready market.Economic Base.26. Till recently, multiple restrictions on private business co-operation and the goal of achieving economic self reliance had shackled the Indian economy by hindering unprejudiced co-operation from industrial nations. With the adoption of a liberalised economic policy, an extensive economic relation is now growing. The new economic policy lays greater emphasis on private enterprise and intensified competition for dynamic industrial progress and mordenisation. Prospects for a substantial upswing of economic growth seem to be favourable now.27. India has huge reserves of important raw material and a large domestic market. It also has a large group of entrepenures and managers experienced in organising and managing industri al enterprises under difficult circumstances. Given the improved setting for entrepreneurial activities, the large number of scientists and engineers, some of them highly qualified professionals, trained overseas or with practical foreign experience, could be of immense benefit to the country14.28. The expectations of economic development are based on an economic policy that is yet in its infancy. For long term stability the creation of a congenial atmosphere for foreign investment is necessary. Our focus would have to shift from development of industrial sector to the improvement of institutional framework for long term development. Greater efforts to improve social security are needed to cushion the effects of intensified industrial competition and to open up new possibilities for the impoverished classes to take a share in the economic development.Science and Technology.29. India began to develop its capabilities in science and technology soon after independence. However, the ove rall programme while impressive compared to that of other poor countries is inadequate and poorly organised in relation to the countrys potential and requirements15. Of the total research and development in the country, only 25% is used to promote innovation in industry and agriculture, while the major chunk contributes to development in areas like atomic energy, space programme and defence equipment.30. The latest thrust to uplift the economy has renewed the vigour in the sphere of science and technology also. The private sector has shown great promise to measure upto the national requirements and a healthy competition with other nations can be seen specially in areas like computer software and electronics. Numerous institutions are doing some original and promising research in various fields.Political System31. Indias political system was initially dominated by the small urban elite comprising leaders of the nationalist movement and an elitist civil service. At the state level, el ected representatives wielded impressive influence in directing benefits to their constituencies and acting as channels of complaint and pressure within the bureaucracy. The system moved rapidly to broaden its base of support by bringing the bulk of peasantry into the system and also by including small business and trading interests. The evolution of such a system from the authoritarian colonial rule was accompanied by tension and uneven progress.32. India had managed to operate a complex constitutional, federal, parliamentary and party dominated political system with remarkable effectiveness. Indias manifold diversity and communal problems often raise the spectre of disintegration these are common to a nation state building process that the developed countries experienced a century ago. In the Indian democratic set-up, its people have displayed a great amount of maturity in preserving their rights. Any display of authoritarianism by a democratically elected government has met wit h stiff opposition. A vivid example is the imposition of emergency in 1975 by Mrs Gandhi and her subsequent electoral defeat in 1977. The emergency and the general elections of 1977 were a test of democracy, equivalent in significance to a social revolution16.33. A seemingly large section of illiterate electorate is well aware of its might and is critical of the people who represent them in higher offices. India has managed to solve or at least contain major disputes on language policy and regional autonomy. At the same time religious, caste based and even communist organisations have been brought in and operate in a largely peaceful democratic institution. Indias political leaders have shown a firm resolution in making of both foreign and defence policies. The military also operates under political direction. Inherent stability is provided to the system by the presence of well established institutions like judiciary, banking and stock exchange.34. Future political crisis no doubt l oom large, but this can only be expected considering the countrys social and economic metamorphosis. The durability and resilience of the Indian democratic system indicates that not only would it continue in the coming years but would also gain more strength and experience.Military Capability.35. Since their debacle in the 1962 Sino- Indian conflict, the Indian Armed Forces have come a long way. Today India possesses adequate defence capability to look after her interests. India is able to produce diverse military items such as small arms, field and anti-aircraft recoilless guns, howitzers, support electronic items, anti-tank, anti-aircraft and naval missiles, armoured vehicles, supersonic aircraft, helicopters, anti-submarine frigates, fast patrol boats and missile boats17. It has also demonstrated Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) technology. In space science, India is amongst the world leaders. All this has been achieved at a moderate expenditure of 3% of GNP per annum. Nuclear Potential.36. Having successfully exploded its first nuclear device on 18 May 1974 India has continued to maintain a stance of using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes alone. However, the potential of India to develop a nuclear bomb cannot be denied. Indias nuclear structure is quite diversified. Beginning with the construction of Asias (outside erstwhile USSR ) first nuclear reactor in 1956, India has acquired the following major facilities18-(a) Half a dozen nuclear research reactors, all but one built without foreign assistance or participation.(b) The ability to design and construct from equipment manufactured indigenously one 500 MW nuclear power station every second year.(c) The competence to fabricate all sensitive nuclear instruments, fuelling assemblies, special alloys and materials, fissile plutonium and thorium from its own processes and plants.(d) Asias first indigenously constructed variable energy cyclotron.(e) Numerous other nuclear activities and support fa cilities, isotope production, mines, medicines, seismic arrays, fissile U-223, extraction processes, fusion, uranium enrichment research and so on.Openness and Resilience.37. Except for the brief period of emergency, India has had an open society with an active press and an intellectual community. Indian political and economic affairs are subject to constant criticism. Critics find information on India more readily available than for China, Pakistan and several developing countries. In addition, there is a constant flow of constructive criticism from internal sources. Viewed and used correctly, this criticism provides important inputs for betterment. Indian resilience is a widely recognised phenomenon. Many hostile designs to covertly disintegrate India became ineffective owing to the conciliatory approach of the polity. Factional and religio ethnic conflicts can only be expected in a country comprising of people with widely diversified religious faith. The phenomenon of sporadic f lare ups is likely to continue in the coming decades too. At the same time, India would be able to absorb such irritants and continue its march forward into the 21st century.RELATIONSHIP WITH THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIESSouth Asian Strategic Environment.38. The strategic environment in South Asia has been remarkably conflict laden characterised by wars or hostile relations between neighbours, especially between India and her neighbours. Despite this history of war, nations do engage each other in peaceful competition as well as in a large amount of outright co-operation. The changes in the Indian foreign and security policy since the end of the Cold War have been rapid and radical. They have taken place as a reaction to the perceived rather far reaching changes in the global and regional security environments. The growing problem with terrorism, in terms of domestic, Kashmiri and international terrorism, manifested itself in attacks in major Indian cities, the hijacking of an Indian Airlines flight and the attack against the Indian parliament. Moreover, the exponentially growing power of China, its strategic assistance to Pakistan and the sudden disappearance of the Soviet backing to balance Chinas growing global and regional power resulted in a feeling of encirclement and relative isolation. India felt it had to become a normal nation by placing considerations of national security above its traditional focus on liberal internationalism and the nonalignment/ third world cause. Indias regional policy has been in clear contrast to its global preference of multilateralism and rejection of the ideas of balance of power and exclusive spheres of influence. In the region, India has preferred to handle unresolved issues with neighbours bilaterally and uphold regional security on the premise of its own hegemony and by keeping great powers out of the region. In terms of European security interests in South Asia, the opportunities for EU security policy are limited to sof t measures aimed at promoting peace and stability in the region, and in Kashmir in particular. Hence, in order to promote a lasting peace in the region, the EU should utilize preventive diplomacy aimed at promoting a peaceful solution in Kashmir through all available venues and prepare to provide technical and financial assistance if a peace agreement is reached. Whilst the EU should actively promote the peaceful resolution of Kashmir, its own experiences show that economic interdependence can have significant positive effects in creating facilitating conditions for peace and stability. Hence, EU policies towards India and Pakistan, as well as South Asia in general, should be aimed at advocating and supporting increasing regional economic interdependence and cooperation. The EU should also nurture and further develop its strategic partnership with India, but without neglecting Pakistan.1939. Those enable regional powers to influence their neighbors and to protect themselves from dis agreeable outside interference (Waltz 1979 191/192). In contrast to this, liberal institutional approaches have emphasized soft power aspects with cultural attraction, ideology, and international institutions as the mainresources (Nye 1990 167). Neo-realism and liberal-institutionalism have different understandings of the concept of power. Neo-realism emphasises the capacity of states to influence others to behave as it wants them to behave whereas the cooptive power of liberal-institutionalism aims at getting others to want whatyou want (ibid.).Concepts of hard and soft power can be regarded as two poles on a continuum of power. They also imply different ideas, interactions and institutions for foreign policy when looking at the fields of politics, security, and economy. Ideally hard power strategies focus on military intervention, coercive diplomacy, and economic sanctions in order to enforce national interests resulting in confrontational policies vis--vis neighbouring countries. In contrast to this soft power strategies emphasise common political values, peaceful means for conflict management, and economic co-operation in order to achieve common solutions20.40. A reassessment of changed of the changed geopolitical and geostrategic realities of South Asia, has to be undertaken by India. If it wishes to enlarge its option in the global regional pulls and pushes it has to tread a course which enables it to safeguard its national interests without treading on controversy.21 India relations with its neighbours will be the most important fact

Characteristics of Renaissance Art in the Last Supper

Characteristics of renascence Art in the Last SupperIt is agreed that the Renaissance was a period of great art and architectural feats and ingenuity, during which artists looked indorse to the classical art of Greece and Rome from which to draw inspiration. This influence can easily be readn in the m both photographs and sculpture that came out of the Renaissance. However, the conservative nature of the period, the sheath matter, and the restrictions imposed upon artists of that time kept the Renaissance from truly becoming a return to the classics of Greece and Rome.The most open factor in the difference between the deuce artistic periods is the predominant subject matter the artists of the time chose. In ancient Greece and Rome, the subject matter most popular among artists were depictions of inventions, war, or intellectual figures statues of the gods decorated around e precise significant architectural landmark of the time. Being a Christian society, the art of the Renai ssance did not simply depict various bible stories, except also moral stories permeated with religious allusions and symbolism. The Sistine Chapel is just atomic number 53 example among the many depictions of the induction, Madonna figures, and religious icons that existed in that era. However, there were some artists, such as Botticelli who depicted mythological figures as religious icons such as Botticellis Birth of Venus, which put the Greek goddess into a Christian context.Artists from both periods experienced problem with terminate and preserving works. In Ancient Greece and later Rome, because of frequent war and the threat of invasion, many of the bronze sculptures that existed were melted down so that the metal could be used for weaponry. In addition to that, the construction of the bandages was often so weak that they would break, usually at joints such as the ankles because they couldnt support the weight of the piece indefinitely, or other limbs that were as well fr agile to with condense any kinds of damages. Because artists of the Renaissance were often commissi cardinald by wealthy patrons or the church, they had to work within the guidelines given by the patrons which limited the independence with which they could compose a piece. Even for artists such as Michaelangelo, often times, funding for commissions would be limited or dis occurd al together, forcing the artist to either leave the piece unfinished or scale down the size of the original project.Although Renaissance art was based on Greek and Roman schools of thought and art, the subtle rhetorical differences between the two periods are reflective of the ideals of beauty at the time. Greek sculpture often depicted highly idealized figures- usually young, athletic hands and women- in extremely melodramatic poses, while figures of the Renaissance were more realistically rendered- such as van Eycks which even showed the flaws of those who posed for the pieces instead of beautifying th em- save suave waited s abstemiously melodramatic in at least facial expression if not posture.Though it attempted to revive the classical art of Ancient Greece and Rome, the Renaissance instead simply modified the style and applied it to its own tastes. Artists of both times sought to appeal to the general public with what was popular at the time- war, myth and melodrama in Ancient Greece and Rome, religious icons and pleasing the patron in the Renaissance.da Vincis Last Supper is a priceless piece of art with much hidden meaning and obvious talents bestowed upon a wall. Under the study of Verrocchio as a painter and a sculptor, he was able to use his skills in creating a very detailed and a very naturalistic piece of work that would be remembered for hundreds of years. He was also able to create characters with amazing individuality. Not only was his portrayal of the characters magnificent, scarce the symbolism he used which emphasized the story being told in the Last Supper.L odovico Sforza chose Leonardo to create The Last Supper in the refectory of the Dominican Church of S. Maria delle Grazie in Milan. The Abate of the S. Maria delle Grazie saw Leonardo work from morning until night on The Last Supper without eating. Although, there were times he would stop painting for eld at a time or, he would work on a specific character for just a few moments and then leave to continue working on it later. He worked on it from 1495 thru 1498 (Strauss, 27).Before Leonardo began painting the actual portrait, he put down a substance which was suppose to bring in the tempora and protect the tempora from the moisture on the wall. Unfortunately, the substance was proved unsuccessful, and by 1517 it began to deteriorate.In May 1556 a painter Giovanni Batista Armenini said that the painting was so badly affect that nothing is visible but a mass of blots(Heydenreich, 18). The painting has continued to decay in the following centuries. It was further damaged by restorat ions made by careless artists and by the addition of a doorway put in the lower part of the painting. Yet even to this day his painting The Last Supper is astray known and visited by many tourists from each one year.The remembrance of the Last Supper could be due to the sacredness of the parting meal. It is quite obvious that the skill used in the creation of the Last Supper was magnificent. Although, the way Leonardo allows its viewers to depict the scene from a specific point in the Bible adds to the importance and significance of the painting in which no other artist could even compare. He does allow the viewer to recognize this scene by the gestures of both the Lord and the Apostles. The Lord sits ever so quietly while the Apostles rise in answer to what the Lord had just announced. It is rather obvious that Leonardo chose the critical moment after the Lord had aread, verily I say unto you that one of you shall betray me, because of the emotions that evolve in this specific scene (Matt. 26.21).He took much time to express every detail of each Apostle and the Lord. Leonardo had even wrote in one of his notebooks that A good painter has two chief objects to paint man and the intention of his soul. The former is easy, the latter strenuous because he has to represent it by the attitude and movement of the limbs(Heydenreich, 27). For example, the Lord is very relaxed with his arms resting on the table which adds to the portrayal of His enormousness. He also emphasized the Lords greatness by giving Him a serious attitude and by presenting Him as untouchable with the space between Himself and the Apostles.The distance put between them is called the spacial perspective, which is one of the techniques Leonardo feels is all-important(prenominal) in naturalistic art. Although, the Apostles are painted in a more restless fashion.They are all facing different ways and seem to be jumping out of their seats. Even the grouping of the apostles in three was done int entionally. He used four groups of three Apostles in each group in order to symbolize the Holy Trinity which means three, and thefour groups were used to symbolize the Gospels and the Cardinal Virtues . He was very sleepless in every aspect of his painting from the placement of the figures to the movement they each possessed. Leonardo had to create actions and various postures which would be appropriate for each figure in order to keep them from looking as if they were brothers.Monica Strauss stated that in her research she had found that for the first time in the history of the subject, Leonardo had lordly each one by appearance and gesture(Strauss, 27). For each of the 12 Apostles he had to not only resort to the historical information on their names and on their appearances but also by the portrayal of their specific qualities as they are known to us from the Gospels. For instance, Judas was put outside the circle of the innocent Apostles and only his shadowed visibleness can be found. He is the only one to be found sitting in the shadows and in solitude. This allows the viewer to see the guilt he had, for he knew he was the one who would betray the Lord Jesus.He is also frozen in shock, and he is an outcast in the group. The significance of the portrayal of Judas is very important because in earlier pictures of the Last Supper, no one had ever been able to show this (Heydenreich, 57).Peter and legerdemain, located at the sides of Judas, were both painted with blinding heads and with outstretched hands to the Lord Jesus which signify their fateful connection with Him. Yet, he distinguishes their differences by showing Peter to be more stubborn and argumentative and John to be more gentle and submissive as the Bible has thoroughly explained. Philip, on the other hand, stands up in excitement and, he puts his hands on his chest to express a tender loyalty towards Christ. Andrew is found next to his brother Peter. Then, there is James the Greater, the old er brother of John, whotouches Peters shoulder and forms a contact lens with Peter and John. These three are those who witnessed the Transfiguration and who accompanied Jesus to the Garden of Gethsemane (Matt. 17.1 26.36-37).Leonardo continued to distinguish each of the Apostles as he felt necessary. He placed James the Less, the Lords brother (Gal. 1.19), to the Lord Jesuss right where he is like Him in feature and with outstretched arms but, his gesture is only a reaction and not an expression of a completed action like the Lord Jesuss. Behind James the Less stands the doubting Thomas who is known to share a common feast day . St. Matthew is next and finally comes St. Jude, who is the brother of James the Less and St.Simon. James the Less and St. Simon were martyred together so they too feature a common feast day.Leonardo not only arranged the Apostles in four groups according to kinship and the personal links they shared, but each of the twelve Apostles exhibit an emotional and temperamental reaction appropriate to the character attributed to him in the Gospels. Each disciple reacted in his own way, as men. Leonardo had said, Emotions move the eccentric of man in different ways, for o ne laughs, another weeps, one becomes gay, another sad, one shows anger, another pity, some are amazed, others reflective. In these the hands and the solely person should follow the expression of the face, (Heydenreich, 57). He made sure he portrayed this in his Last Supper.The Lord Jesus was also given qualities that distinguished Him from everyone else. The Lord Jesuss hands are laid in a resting fashion on the table. His hands lie between the filled cup and the unbroken bread, the symbols of sacrifice, as if pointing in a silent gesture towards them. He seems to relay a message that His business has not yet been completed. Only the objects in foregoing of Him remain in order, as does He remain calm, unlike the objects in front of the Apostles which are in disarray, as are the Apostles also in an unorderly emotional state of confusion. Leonardo uses the description of thetable to symbolize the state in which the Apostles and the Lord Jesus are in. For this reason, Leonardo not only uses the characters to portray the story but also the objects and the structures which encampeth around them.Leonardo used the beautiful background motif of the pedimented doorway, which was centered behind the Lord Jesus, in order to emphasize the Lord Jesuss greatness. It acted as a crown of glory hovering over His head. The surrounding walls and ceiling, where tapestries hung, were not in natural perspective but in an idealized one. The surroundings were unrelated to any spectator in the room. The same can be said of the characters in the portrait. Their scale and grandeur is other worldly, but their emotional distress is obviously human. He created the characters as if they were each on their own frontal plane.He also put a painted border around the painting which c ut moody most of the ceiling and the walls. These two modifying factors caused the characters to seem to leap out of the portrait.The Last Supper portrayed very individualistic characters which have made Leonardos piece of work stand out from all the others who also have tried to create the Last Supper but, talented Leonardo was able to perfect his creation with his perspective of atmosphere and color.Leonardo had said, If we see that the true quality of colours is known through light, it is to be concluded that where there is more light, the true quality of the illuminated colour is bankrupt seen and where there is more darkness, the colour is tinged with the colour of that darkness, (Heydenreich, 65).Later he concluded with, Nothing ever looks to be its real colour, if the light which strikes it is not all of that colour, (Heydenreich, 65). He used his theory in his painting to make it more realistic.He used two sources of light which came from the last gleams of the dying day w hich entered from behind the windowpane with its charming view of the countryside and from the window in the refectory itself. He claimed to have painted in tones of light, when he created his Last Supper (Heydenreich, 66). Rosci had said that it is possible that he may have given the advice on the construction of the rectangular refectory because of the illusion the light gives the paint ing (108).The two zones of light make it possible for Leonardo to give his characters a very finely graduated relief (Heydenreich, 70). Leonardo caused the colors of Christs garments, a red adventitia and a blue cloak, to reflect in the pewter plate in front of him and, similarly the plate in front of Philip reflects the red of his cloak. The colors of the Apostles robes are distributed across the painting in a wonderful array of colors.To the right of the Lord, the disgusted green tunic of James the Less forms a transition between the Lords blue cloak and the red robe of Philip, whose blue sleeve s are just a shade brighter than the tone of Christs cloak.There is also a mixture of colors in the second group on the right of the Lord. Matthew is clothed in bright blue, which together with Judes ochre tunic and Simons regal cloak forms a perfect three note chord. Even in the group to the left of the Lord, consisting of John, Peter, and Judas emphasizes the blending of colors. Judass neutral blue garment is the only one whose tone remains indefinite and dull which was formed from Johns dark, rust red cloak and bluish green tunic and Peters dark blue sleeve. In the outer left hand group, which stands in the darker background, Andrews green cloak over a yellow garment, James the Greaters reddish clothing, and Bartholomews violet blue tunic and dark olive cloak form a carefully equivalent to the outer right hand group, which stands in bright light. From one side of the Lord Jesus to the other the colors go from light primary tones to dark subtle blends. All of this coloration is due to the effect that light has on colors. Leonardo really believed that the perspective of light was important because it ensured to make the Last Supper as realistic as possible.Leonardo believed that naturalization was unison between mental and physical motion. He accomplished the correspondence between physical movement and mental emotion by the pause between two great emotions which are the momentarily stiffening at an extreme point of excitement and at the horror of being startled out of tranquility (Heydenreich, 67). The painting portrays both expression and emotion. This combination complements each other. The expressions allow the viewers to see the emotions the characters are feeling. Their frozen movement allows one to see they are human. We can see both their outward and inward reactions. It is as if Leonardo had been there, and he had taken a picture of the marvelous meal. He definitely accomplished his goal in portraying his Last Supper as a realistic piece of art. T he symbolism, the individualized personalities of the characters, and the skills such as the light perspective and spacial perspective blended together to form a photograph-like painting.

Is Scientology Dangerous?

Is Scientology Dangerous?A religion regarded as unorthodox or spurious. Scientology was made up by L. Ron Hubbard, a homo who wanted to create a practical religion for all races, color, and gender. He taked this as a r reveale to previously unimagined spiritual heights (scientology.org). Scientologists believe highly in reincarnation and that their spirits be immortal and flow through to ein truth new person when they die. L. Ron Hubbard is a man who created this cult to discharge the human soul or thetan a word derived from the Greek letter theta. Hubbard is a god to the mickle who believe in him. People who are in Scientology are more brain washed than the celebrities in Hollywood. The however difference is that the people in Scientology are the people in Hollywood. Scientology is a cult base on one mans crude version of reality.Scientology is classified as a cult in most peoples minds because of their strict rules and unorthodox ways of going roughlywhat things. It is con sidered a cult because people are treated badly and are jadeed if they dont agree with a rule. There are cases of very unorthodox forms of repenting in the Church of Scientology. People perk up stated that when they were under the belief of Scientology they were told that everything bad that has happened to them is all their fault and they have to make up for it by spreading cognizance of Scientology so they can help others atone for everything. The journalist Joel Sappell reported that in his 5 year study of the Church of Scientology, The tip of the spear, that his dog appeared to be having seizure from which the vet couldnt determine the cause of. This comes after he had previously reported on a Scientology related civil trial. Soon after it died, Sappell received a call from Supreme Court judge Ronald Swearinger(Sappell) who called claiming to have. Even though Sappell had never previously s pokingn to this man they both had something in common. Swearingers dog has been drown ed, which made him very concerned since his beloved collie would never go near the water on his own(Sappell). Sappell states that people had warned him to keep an eye on pets(Sappell) while he and a colleague, only named in the article as Bob, left town to keep their heads low while theyre investigating the perform. Maybe it was coincidence many highly suspect the church tar take ons peoples pets since so many people have reported that their animals suddenly die or disappear when they spill the beans openly about the misgivings of the church. The current leader of Scientology is David Miscavige who is withal in command of the Sea Org or The Sea Organization which is a odd mixture of military and corporate managementwith staff members living in army-like conditions (exscientologykids.com). They have such unorthodox ways of going about their religion that they restrict people from having children while working for Sea Org. If you get pregnant you are every pressured to abort the b aby or you must leave.(exscientologykids.com) Cover ups and pay offs may be the reason they are never caught for their bad deeds. Scientology really challenges the meaning of church and it should never be called one and only be considered a cult. In May of 2010, another case was opened about child sex detestation allegations. Of the people putting out these accusations was the daughter of the president of the church in Australia (New Zealand Herald, pg.19). This goes to show that even the people of the highest standings have come forward and spoke against the church. galore(postnominal) reported claims of forced abortions, imprisonment,(New Zealand Herald, pg.19) and disconnection.The strict policies of Scientology and the impact on the people who follow this belief system are in some ways both debased by the thoughts of Hubbard. In an interview from April 2016, the parents of two followers of the Church of Scientology, Phil and Willie Jones, begged for their children to come fo rward and speak to them again. Claiming that the last time they spoke to Michael, the son who they claim was stolen from them by Scientology after the church deemed them as suppressive people, was two years ago.(Gadi Schwartz) After creation blocked twice from putting up a billboard to get their childrens attention in Hollywood they finally found a site where they could unveil their sign. Other parents who were excommunicated from the church or were forcefully disconnected from their families came to support the Jones family. A lot of cases against Scientology have to do with freedom of speech. Written in the Constitution, freedom of speech has given the people of the United States the freedom to speak freely. Scientology has found a way to squash and subdue the first amendment. Hubbard created his own version called Fair Game. This policy forces all believers to ignore moral and ethical tenets (Jose Liy). Hubbard let his followers harass people until it became bigger than it seeme d. Thus forcing him to claim that followers harassing and breaking laws were misguided and misunderstood(Jose Liy). If everyone who harassed people for not believing in the same things as them were further brushed off as misguided and misunderstood then there would be no such thing as religious fanatics. They go as far as pulling South Park, a Comedy Central show, off the air because it poked mutant at Scientology. Tons of religions are made fun of or joked about on different TV shows and/or movies, scarce since Scientology is a bigger deal in Hollywood they could not take the chances of looking for silly in front of their peers. Yet other actual religions are more made fun of than Scientology wants to maintain their scary appearance and keep people second guessing them.Disconnection is a very common thing in Scientology. When you are labeled as suppressive you are not allowed to speak too your family. From an article in which the people affected by disconnection told their stor y and still remained scientology loyal. In this article the names were changed to keep the people safe. bloody shame was raised in Scientology(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) by her dad surface-to-air missile who is a dedicated Scientologist(leavingscientology.wordpress.com) and joined Sea Org along with her brother. One day Sam found out bloody shame was labeled as a suppressive person because she messed up a operation at Sea Org. Sam worried about her being disconnected and knew he had to disconnect from her since it is a policy. Even though Scientology insist that Disconnection does not exist (exscientologykids.com/disconnection) yet it seems to pop up more often. Since Sam cannot speak to Mary until she gets her good standing back he branches off and commits the crime of contacting Ex-Scientologists. When Mary started to consider a lawsuit, the church offered her a deal if Mary would shut up about the abuses, and agree not to be part of any lawsuit, then her SP declare would b e lifted (leavingscientology.wordpress.com). Fearing for his daughters safety Sam researched some ex-scientologists who were not named and learned their stories. Mary did not want to be disconnected and they told her that dads betrayal will be forgiven as well as hers. Mary signed. She gave in and let them take her back out of fear and possible loneliness. There are different arguments for disconnection. Some are pro, some are con. From the families of disconnection the arguments are con, yet for Scientologist it is considered besides to excommunication. Even though excommunicated people are not permitted to take any of the sacraments or receive blessings, their families and friends are not pressured to abandon them (exscientologykids.com). Scientology may deny disconnection, but it is one of the worst kind of excommunication since it does not only focus on disconnecting the person considered a suppressive person it pushes the family to go as far as never speaking to the person aga in or disowning them. Not claiming a son as their own or thinking of a father as someone who helped in the process of your creation.In conclusion, Scientology may not be the average sacrificial virgin cult, but it is in fact a dangerous cult. Modern society needs to be more aware of Scientologys rule over people. Since the media down plays Scientology as something to poke fun at no one really questions Scientologists. If asked many people would probably not even know what Scientology is. Instead of answers you will receive questions likewise to is that science? or is that something to do with biology? Younger people are more unaware of Scientology than some may think. Unless they follow people like Leah Remini or watch shows like South Park and learn how Scientology messes with people in real life. Some things that will make people actually think, what really is Scientology? at one time society realizes the dangers of Scientology then the numbers of Scientologists possibly will fal l and people will feel safer because they will not be a radical scourge anymore. Scientology is a cult and a lot of innocent people are unaware of what they are walking into.Works CitedAbuse? In My Church? passing Scientology, WordPress , 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/15/abuse-in-my-church/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.COLUMN Church of Scientology Infringes upon Right of Free Speech. U-Wire, 2006. Educators Reference Complete, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALEA148688058asid=9d53a7cdb20653018d927a5954846b7e. Accessed 2017.Disconnection as Spiritual Blackmail. release Scientology, WordPress, 10 Apr. 2011, leavingscientology.wordpress.com/2009/07/16/disconnection-as-spiritual-blackmail/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.Disconnection. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/disconnection/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.L. Ron Hubbard, Scientology Founder Biography Quotes. Scientology, Church of Scientology International, www.scientology .org/l-ron-hubbard/?video-play=lrh_bio. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.Ross, Rick. What Makes a Cult? Rick Ross. Cif Belief, Guardian News and Media, 27 May 2009, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/may/27/cults-definition-religion. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.Sappell, Joel. The Tip of the Spear. Los Angeles Magazine, 2013, p. 88. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALEA314716972asid=ed39321a51f5fc8ae69e80246fe380a2. Accessed 2017.Sea Org. ExScientology Kids, SkyHawk Studios, exscientologykids.com/sea-org-2/. Accessed 21 Feb. 2017.This Family Has Tried Nearly Everything provided to Reach Their Son and Daughter in the Church of Scientology. Today, July 2016. General OneFile, go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GPSsw=wu=j020902v=2.1it=rid=GALEA448889575asid=a7b812f9b7a31c5d0b16388a69d2e982. Accessed 2017.

Protein Thermal Stability Essay -- Scientific Research, Soy Proteins

Proteins are amazing chemical polymers. They serve a myriad of functions such as providing nutrition in the form of their constitutive aminic acids as well as energy. They serve as reactants and enzymes in chemical reactions. Proteins contribute to the texture, viscosity and water holding capacity of feeds that contain them. Proteins can be toxins or allergens or hormones, and they serve as transporters for vital molecules such as oxygen in the blood stream (Coultate 1984). These polymers have evolved to play a voice in very specific physiological functions and this chemical reactivity can be used for very unique applications beyond a proteins evolutionary scope.A proteins chemical and physical nature such as the isoelectric point, solubility and size, and its biological attraction to other molecules all can be exploited to disassociate a particular protein from the final result in which is resides. Typically several steps are used to purify a particular protein. These include heating, acidification, subjecting a solution to reducing conditions, and drying. More sophisticated techniques include chromatography, ultra filtration, reverse osmosis, and high-pressure liquid chromatography (Kinsella and Whitehead 2001).The isolation of proteins from their original matrices allows for their use in different food systems to improve such qualities as nutritional value, texture, and stability. In order for a protein to serve in the latter capacities it must have certain characteristics such as solubility, gelation, ligand-binding or film formation properties. Today there is extensive use of non-native proteins to improve food quality. Products include ice creams, beverages, cereals, baked goods, snack items and dairy items ... ...1979. usable properties of soy proteins. Journal America Oil Chemists Society 56242-258.Kinsella JE and Whitehead. 1989. Proteins in whey Chemical, physical and functional properties. Advances in food and nutriti on research 33343-439.McMahon DJ and Brown RJ. 1984. Composition, structure and integrity of casein micelles A review. Journal of Dairy Science 67499-512. Mendel F, and Brandon DL. 2001. Nutritional and health benefits of soy proteins. Journal of cultivation and Food Chemistry 49(3)1069-1086. Southward CR. Casein Products. New Zealand Dairy Research Institute.Thompson LD., Dinh T. 2009. FDSC 4303/5305 food chemistry laboratory manual. Lubbock, TX Texas Tech University, Department of Animal and Food Sciences.Walstra P. 1990. On the stability of casein micelles. Journal of Dairy Science 731965-1979.

jane austen Essay -- essays research papers fc

This 5 page paper considers the limited roles of men and women in Jane Austens society and assesses the social conventions, enforced by gossip, that keep women in line. This paper specifically explores the characterization of Elizabeth Bennett in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice and argues that she is a representation of a modern woman in a nineteenth coke world.6 pages in length. Typical of Jane Austens novels, the author strives to portray a more equitable relationship between the genders. In Persuasion, the character of Anne represents Austens conduit amid women and the antiquated society in which they have been compelled for centuries to exist. The writer discusses the manner in which Austen perpetuates the ongoing struggles with regard to gender oppression is of critical importance in relation to Annes character indeed, hers is represented by the author as one who exemplifies the need for a favorable and fair approach to professional and domestic life. Bibliography lists 7 so urces.This 12 page report discusses Jane Austens novel Mansfield car park (1814). Jane Austen presents her late 18th and early 19th century world to readers of the 21st century with such pellucidity and distinction that it becomes impossible to not apply the universal truths of her time to the contemporary age. In Mansfield Park she presents the reader with a vision of stateliness, propriety, and the confines of good taste. Mansfield Park should also be thought of as Jane Austens venture...