Annotated Bibliography The African Albino Epidemic

Annotated Bibliography: The African Albino Epidemic For many years the targeting and murdering of people with Albinism has been occurring in sub-Saharan Africa for spiritual powers, good fortune, and monetary gain. As the world becomes more modern and civilized one would think that this would be coming to an end, instead it has increased over the years. Many solely blame witch doctors, however even with laws preventing this and witch doctors being arrested; the hunting of people with Albinism has spiked. This has led to the need for further research being done on not only witch doctors being the cause, but also more underlying causes that have not been thought about before. In finding these it will help to answer why the albino body part†¦show more content†¦This credible source could be useful in my research by showing how sub-Saharan Africa’s health centers are in dire condition. It would also be useful because it shows how spirituality and medicine go hand-in-hand, especially in developing countries. Richter, Linda M., et al. Adolescents in the City: Material and Social Living Conditions in Johannesburg–Soweto, South Africa. Urban Forum, vol. 20, no. 3, Aug. 2009, pp. 319-34. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s12132-009-9065-x. Accessed 3 Apr. 2017. In their article Adolescents in the City: Material and Social Living Conditions in Johannesburg–Soweto, South Africa, Linda M. Richter and her colleagues show that sub-Saharan Africa was not on track to decreasing the extreme poverty levels as they should. They also found that as the urban areas grow in Africa, the poverty also does. In these areas half of the children do not live with their parents due to abandonment or because they are deceased, do not have hot water, and do not have all of the normal commodities in their homes. Overall this article shows the harsh conditions that sub-Saharan African adolescents are faced with. This article is credible due to its sample size that accurately represented the diversity of the area, the depth of the research done by the researchers and due to the lack of bias in the article. I could use this in my research to

Gender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay - 1415 Words

Roles are often assigned to boys and girls in accordance with the sex assigned at birth. We refer to these as gender roles. Gender roles begin to be imposed as early as birth. The nursery in the hospital assigns either a blue name plate for a boy or a pink name plate for a girl. These roles are continuously reinforced by family. Children learn at an early age that boys and girls are different. Children observe gender roles and in many cases these roles are eventually accepted as an unquestionable truth. This creates gender stereotyping which is defined by The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights as a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by men and women. A gender stereotype can be extremely harmful and limit ones capacity to develop their personal abilities, pursue their professional careers and make choices about their lives and life plans. Shaping Gender Identity Sam Killermann, a comedian and social justice advocate stated â€Å"Gender is like a Rubik’s Cube with one hundred squares per side, and every time you twist it to take a look at another angle, you make it that much harder a puzzle to solve.† The formation of gender is a topic that has been highly controversial in many scientific fields. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person’s biological sexShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes Essay1449 Words   |  6 PagesProspectus: Gender roles and gender stereotypes in advertising My position: I believe advertisements that reinforce female gender roles and stereotypes are damaging to society. 2. Non-favorable Incidents: The examination of the â€Å"Victoria’s Secret† ad for a line of undergarments labeled â€Å"The Showstopper.† The headline is â€Å"Show nothing but your shape,† and the image is a thin woman with big breasts staring seductively. 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Humans, however remain the driving force behind reinforcing gender roles and stereotypes with different mediums. Such as television, art, and writing. In order to understand how gender is portrayed in contemporary American comedy this paper will analyze the characters from the television show, It’s AlwaysRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1261 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen expected to act a certain way depending on their sex. These societal expectations are called gender roles. (Rathus, 2010, p.447). These roles begin to develop even before a child is even out of the womb. A mother may decorate their nursery pink if they are having a daughter because â€Å"girls like pink,† and â€Å"boys like blue.† Gender roles should not be confused with gender stereotypes. A gender stereoty pe is a narrow way of thinking about how men and woman are obligated to behave. For example, men haveRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Stereotypes1102 Words   |  5 PagesDefined Gender Roles Creating a Lack of Reality in Children’s Literature Distinction is a concept that is learned at a very young age. It is used as a tool to distinguish between race, religion, language, age and especially gender. Where certain topics regarding race and religion may be considered more taboo, the definition of gender is always open for discussion but it is not always depicted in all forms of the word. Children can feel isolated if they cannot relate to individuals they look up toRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1246 Words   |  5 PagesGender roles are defined as the â€Å"widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave† (Rathus, 2010). From gender roles, we, the people of society, are able to determine whether someone identifies as a male or a female. Both biological and social factors tend to determine what gender roles a person takes on. 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Gender roles are also determined by the prevailing cultural norms. The attitudes and expectations surrounding gender roles are not typically based on any inherent or natural gender differences, but on gender stereotypes, or oversimplified notions about the attitudes, traits, and behavior patte rns of males andRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles1076 Words   |  5 PagesGender stereotypes and gender roles are a largely contested issue in the modern world. Countries around the world have very different gender norms, though there are some recurrent patterns between many cultures. For most recurrent patterns there is a culture who does not abide by those gender norms. There is typically many good reasons for each recurrent pattern that makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint. There is also a significant difference in the way men and women are treated. This is causedRead MoreGender Stereotypes And Gender Roles Essay2036 Words   |  9 Pagesalong the development of gender stereotypes and gender roles that have an impact on how children come to understand their own gender identity. Environmental factors such as peers, the media, and even parents perpetuate stereotypes through their own actions. Children come to understand gender during development through experie nces that are shaped by their environment and perpetuated by their culture, which ultimately encourages gender stereotypes and conformity to gender roles. Children are born into

Delta Signal Corp - Business Strategy Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Business Strategy for Delta Signal Corp. Answer: Introduction: This paper will look to focus on strategies implemented to better the situation of Delta Signal Corp through the process of simulation. The company is facing problem, as is case with many of the companies across the globe. Certain strategies are not working and the new CEO wants to implement a strategy that would put things on track. There are a lot of strategies that a management can implement to make things right, but a perfect strategy can overturn the crisis into a situational benefit for the organization. Delta Signal was in dire need of one as its stock pricews dropped, market situation was worsening and competitors were edging past it, grabbing important market share. Selected Strategy and Justification The strategy that has been selected in the simulation is the strategy targeting the segment of luxury, which is customer integration. The way forward for Delta Signal Corporation is through creating trust and confidence that is possible at all levels. Customers do need to be confident and have belief on the organization from which they are purchasing the product. Moreover, under similar circumstances, the employees too need to show a bit of trust and have confidence in their managers and their actions. Close integration of processes is required starting from the research and development section through to manufacturing, shipping and sales (Verbeke, 2013).The Blue Ocean strategy simulation (BOSS) can be effective in this scenario, which can allow the organization to test out new methods in accordance to respecting marketing realities. This business strategy takes into consideration participants working in teams to manage goods having fixed prices over a period of six years. The simula tion structure permits them in creating a blue ocean of new market freedom for their company and stay away or break free from competition. The blue ocean strategy stands on six principles which can be effective for Delta Signal Corp which includes, reaching beyond the existing demand, focusing on the bigger picture that lies ahead and not merely on numbers, getting the strategic sequence right, overcoming the hurdles of organizations, reconstructing boundaries of market and building executions in accordance with strategies. The luxury segment generally sees a few, but key customers who are always ready to pay the premium price for the companys superior or best service. These key customers are seen as the mode of profitability for the organization, helping the organization to stay in shape in times of fluctuating demand. Businesses that are involved in customer integration work and communicate with a customer-centric mindset. It is letting the customers know how important and valuable a part they are to the organization and the organization makes all the decisions and strategies keeping their interests in mind (Edvardsson et al., 2012). It creates goodwill for the company at the marketplace, thus maintaining a positive image. Brian Nelson, the new CEO stated that despite the company investing heavily on things like product performance and quality, the company is not a market leader in any of the segments which is a matter of concern. According to him the company lacked a clear value proposition that might attract a lot of traffic to the company. Its letting the consumers know how the companys product solve customers problem or develops or enhances their situation. Even the managers in the company did not have clear goals to work on, a demotivational factor that does not go well with the organizations work process. Further research and development is required for Delta Signal Corporation, and the company cannot compromise on the quality while it may look on other integration factors like low lifetime cost. The company has taken into consideration in improving the internal factors like investing in new machineries, providing training to the employees and reducing cost where it is necessary (Chavez et al., 2015). The companys product image is inconsistent enough for it to lose out on important market share to its competitors. The economic factors have been growing dramatically in some developing countries which have increased the cost of raw materials and suppliers are in constant pressure to cut down the price and increase profitability. Evaluation of Seleted Strategy: This strategy of customer integration has worked quite well with the organization. The quality of the products has increased which in turn has increased the satisfaction level of the customers. There is high chance that the existing customers are satisfied at that level where they can recommend Delta Signals products to other people who can be the companys prospective buyers. This recommendation can work as a word-of-mouth advertisement, where these consumers advertise the companys products without the company incurring any expenses. Effectiveness of Strategy Implementation: No matter what strategy company implies on, budget plays a huge factor in deciding which path to be taken in order to achieve the desired results. While preparing budgets it has often been found out that companies do not take much into consideration, whereas the balance scorecard simulation does measure a companys performance based on three key areas which are: -The internal process -Customers relationship with company -Growth and learning activities The internal process should need to function in a proper way; otherwise an organization should not be able to perform in a market where there is high level of competition. The stocks of the Delta Signal were downward inclining, with it losing important market share to its customers. The company has to implement things in a new way, a way which should provide them with a better chance to be the market leader and attract a lot of customers. The company is planning to hit the luxury segment of the market, where it states that the company will have opportunities much better than the other segments. It has recently expanded in the Asian market where it will face tough competition from other companies who are implementing the same strategy of targeting the economic segment car makers (Van Dongen, Dijkman Mendling, 2013).. The best strategy thus is focusing its whole attention into the luxury segment that is less competitive as the others are busy in grabbing the Asian Market share. Moreov er, the companys traditional expertise is in the Research and Development, so the company can quickly act and react to the market conditions, making the necessary changes that can firm its position in the market. Suggested Improvements: The cost leadership strategy should be put in use where optimal efficiency and spreading the cost across the company in whole. The cost leadership strategy avoids the risk of productivity slowdown and the operational cost to grow substantially. Cost leadership helps in weathering unexpected sales and maintaining a good level of cash flow where the extra money can be used for development of product, advertising purposes and selecting the best employees in the sector to have the best results. Expansion does not come easy; it has its own complexities. The growth of a company should be controlled one, because uncontrolled growth often lands the management in problem (Mahr, Lievens Blazevic, 2014). Cost projections can go out of the window, if the growth is not controlled (Gabrielsson, Gabrielsson Seppl, 2012). Workers should be kept motivated, because if the company loses out on workers who have the required skill to perform, then productivity drops and company incurs more cost to select and train the new workers. If productivity is less then there is high chance of company losing out on it valuable customers. Moreover, it is trying to focus on the luxury segment, which has relatively less buyers than the economy segment, so every consumer becomes important. Losing out on even one can be a huge loss for the company. Moreover, their goodwill may be hampered. So the company cannot take risk in this kind of situations. The value chain can also be modified as per the business needs. Internet can play a big factor too, like the company can shift to e-business technology which is much for faster and reliable than the traditional processes (Fearne, Garcia Martinez Dent, 2012).. Moreover, direct marketing can be implemented which reduces the cost of channels. Moreover, the designs which are produced in a simplified manner can reduce the cost by shortening the value chain. Value Innovation is effective as it puts same kind of emphasis on innovation as well as value. It helps in execution of strategies and resulting in creation of blue ocean strategy which reduces the driving costs effectively whie increasing the driving value of buyers by raising and creating new elements. The implementation of the Blue Ocean Strategy will be beneficial for the company. Recommendations for Post-Simulation Strategy: The strategies that would be recommended for the Delta Signal Corporation going forward are based on four segments which are financial, customer, internal process and learning and growth. Recommended Strategy: Financial: the main focus will be on financial activities with the strategy being maintaining a high quality of the products so as to attract more customers and have the lions share in the market. However, reducing the cost of the company is also a factor which needs to be focused on. The company needs to manage a good relationship with the customers and should invest in things where necessary to gain control of the market and gain customers attraction (Gerth, 2013).. The company should take the necessary steps in maintain a good internal and external environment. However, the main focus of the company should be to reduce cost in order to gain the competitive advantage in the market. The organization needs to give the shareholders and the stakeholders their due importance in order to survive in the market (Grnroos, Voima, 2013). Customers: Delta Signal Corporations strategy has been based on customer integration which means their primary focus should be on the consumer. The company should focus on doing promotional activities and put a spotlight on protection activities of the customers. The prices of the products should be competitive in nature, so that the customers keep attracted to its products (Moeller et al.2013) . As the company has been spending heavily in maintaining the quality of the product, it should not be compromised at any cost. A proper trust and belief should exist among the customers and the company should not do anything that might break the trust of consumers. The simple reason the word-of-mouth advertisement or the recommendation of customers that they do to other people about the companys product works like magic. Customer satisfaction should be an on-going process. Internal process: the company has invested heavily in implementing the most updated technologies for maintaining the best quality products. The company should maintain a low administrative cost and can look for outsourcing if maintaining an in-house admin becomes expensive for it. Investment in driving costs should be kept down too at least for the next two to three years. Productivity should be the primary objective of the company, because in case of low productivity the company profit will also be low, and might end up in losing valuable customers to its competitors (He et al., 2014). The defect rate of the products should be kept at bare minimum, which keeps a continuous flow of goods to the markets for the customers to have it as and when required. A good productivity has its own advantages with enhancement in quality of products. Customers will have nothing to complain about and sales return will drop dramatically and with it will decline the repair and service calls (Sharma, Ga rg Mittal, 2016). Such scenario will give rise to a situation where accounts receivable will diminish as customers are satisfied and are likely to pay off their due bills, costs are going to decrease too and the management is going to have enough capital for the maintenance of equipment in a proper way. The focus should be on the strategy in hand, where every member of the organization should be made clear about the goals which was lacking in Delta Signal Corporation as stated in the case study (Hollensen, 2015). Until and unless the organizational goals are clearly mentioned people do not find the motivation to work. Learning and Growth: the company should not be stagnant in case of keeping people who are not performing. Company should invest in recruiting new people and provide them with adequate training, so that they become competent enough and perform according to the desires of the company in achieving the desired results (Bentley, Omer Sharp, 2013). Moreover, the existing employees should be also provided training in order to upgrade their present knowledge and skill. Last time, the company had to put off these training sessions due to cut down in budget which affected heavily the organizations people, which cannot be repeated again. Investments should be done in research and development of the products and market so as to stay ahead of the competition (Pitani, 2012). Justification: As stated earlier too, the focus of Delta Corp should be on the bigger things lying ahead and not on the numbers. Awakening: Comparison should be done with competitors based on the As Is strategy and focus should be on where the strategy needs to change. Exploration: Observing the advantages of working with alternative products and services is important. Delta wants to hit the luxury segment, it is important for the company to take into consideration the products it is going to make available for that segment. It is about considering the factors that need to be changed and eliminated. Strategy Fair: Getting feedback on alternative strategies is important from various customers, competitors and other non customers. The feedback should be used to build the to be best strategy. Communication: only those projects and operational moves are to be supported which allows Delta Signal Corp to close in the gaps in actualizing the new strategy. These are few of the recommendations that should hold good for the company. Reference: Bentley, K. A., Omer, T. C., Sharp, N. Y. (2013). Business strategy, financial reporting irregularities, and audit effort.Contemporary Accounting Research,30(2), 780-817. Chavez, R., Yu, W., Gimenez, C., Fynes, B., Wiengarten, F. (2015). Customer integration and operational performance: The mediating role of information quality.Decision Support Systems,80, 83-95. Edvardsson, B., Kristensson, P., Magnusson, P., Sundstrm, E. (2012). Customer integration within service developmentA review of methods and an analysis of insitu and exsitu contributions.Technovation,32(7), 419-429. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M., Dent, B. (2012). Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), 575-581. Gabrielsson, P., Gabrielsson, M., Seppl, T. (2012). Marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance.Journal of International Marketing,20(2), 25-48. Gerth, C. (2013). Introduction. InBusiness Process Models. Change Management(pp. 1-12). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Grnroos, C., Voima, P. (2013). Critical service logic: making sense of value creation and co-creation.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,41(2), 133-150. He, Y., Lai, K. K., Sun, H., Chen, Y. (2014). The impact of supplier integration on customer integration and new product performance: the mediating role of manufacturing flexibility under trust theory.International Journal of Production Economics,147, 260-270. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Mahr, D., Lievens, A., Blazevic, V. (2014). The value of customer cocreated knowledge during the innovation process.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(3), 599-615. Moeller, S., Ciuchita, R., Mahr, D., Odekerken-Schrder, G., Fassnacht, M. (2013). Uncovering collaborative value creation patterns and establishing corresponding customer roles.Journal of Service Research,16(4), 471-487. Pitani, M. (2012). Training Virtual Employees. Savino, M. M., Manzini, R., Mazza, A. (2015). Environmental and economic assessment of fresh fruit supply chain through value chain analysis. A case study in chestnuts industry.Production Planning Control,26(1), 1-18. Sharma, S., Garg, S., Mittal, S. K. (2016). Importance, Role and Impact of E-Training on Employees in Workplace.SGBED wishes to recognize the following sponsors, 474. Van Dongen, B., Dijkman, R., Mendling, J. (2013). Measuring similarity between business process models. InSeminal Contributions to Information Systems Engineering(pp. 405-419). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. Cambridge University Press.

Thomas Hobbes Injustice free essay sample

Thomas Hobbes: Injustice A ; Sovereign Essay, Research Paper Political Doctrine 101: Essay 2 Aaron Lavack ? It has already been shown, that nil the autonomous representative can make to a topic? can decently be called unfairness, or hurt? ? [ Hobbes, Leviathan ] What does Hobbes intend by this? Why does he believe it? In order to reply this inquiry I must foremost analyze the line of idea that led to the establishment of a autonomous power. By making so it will be easier to understand the motives the led Hobbes to this establishment. It will besides be easier to understand the significance of the above quotation mark. The Natural province of Humanity, harmonizing to Thomas Hobbes, is war. This province of war is basically anarchy. ? ? where every adult male is enemy to every adult male? ? This definition does non intend that there is ever contending, but instead that there is a period when it is known that people are willing to contend. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Hobbes Injustice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this province there can be no production or development of society. The life of adult male is, in this state of affairs? ? lone, hapless, awful, beastly, and short. ? This is of course non a state of affairs that is desirable to populate in. Therefore it makes sense that people would seek to happen a manner to get away this mode of life. Hobbes speaks of the first method of attempted flight. This is fundamentally banding together into little groups. However this banding together does non guarantee a safe and comfortable environment. This is for a figure of grounds. There are two that are outstanding. The first is if any other of the little household type groupings additions another member so the balance of power is significantly altered. The 2nd I shall cover one time I have looked at the following obvious measure in visible radiation of the first job. This measure is to garner in greater Numberss. Through this the first job is evidently solved. Should at that place be, as was th e job in the first illustration a little addition of population on one side, there is no job. The addition in population would hold to be on the same graduated table as that of the population? s magnitude. Such an addition is hard to accomplish and so the balance of power is maintained. The 2nd job is nevertheless of a different nature. This job is fraction within the population. ? For being distracted in sentiments about the best usage and application of their strength, they do non assist but impede one another? ? Every member of this assemblage has an sentiment. It goes about without stating that these sentiments would differ greatly between different people. For case in the instance of resistance from without, one group could back up one agencies of defence while another supports another. This consequences in small being done as the two groups blare over which path to follow. The natural terminal of this class is ineffectiveness. ? ? they are easy? subdued by a really few that ag ree together? ? Not merely this but their dissension besides spans into times when there is no enemy. Hobbes believes that during this clip their wrangles will go even worse. What is the solution for this job of disunity? Hobbes suggests the hard-on of a common power? ? to maintain them in awe and direct their actions to the common benefit. ? Hobbes states that this common power should be given the right to regulate each individual in the? commonwealth? . This right should be given in a certain manner. This, harmonizing to Hobbes, is through a compact made by each adult male. ? I authorize and give up my right of regulating myself to this adult male, or to this assembly of work forces, on this status, that you give up your right to him and authorise all his actions in a similar manner. ? Once this common power, or? crowned head? has the backup of the people so order of course follows. This is because one time everyone has submitted to him, or them in the instance of a autonomous organic structure, so he has a great trade of power. This power can easy be used to set up order. In much the same mode we exist in society today. If one of us disobeys the bulk i s still obeying and our dissention is quashed. So the evident consequence of following these guidelines ( constitution of a commonwealth ) is The terminal of the old province of lawlessness. Apart organize the obvious consequence of order there are a figure of other RESs ults that came organize the waterproofing of this compact. The 1 that is of most involvement to us is the 4th. This is that the crowned head can non be seen to make incorrectly to their topics. There is good ground for this. Every topic has agreed to put the sovereign or the regulating organic structure in the place of power. True some may hold wanted another to be in that topographic point. Hobbes takes this into history. His answer to this is that these people agreed to travel by the will of the bulk when the procedure ( taking a crowned head ) began. Although the autonomous power they had hoped for was non elected they still have to travel by the consensus. To make otherwise would be unfair. It would besides go forth them in that province of lawlessness that the full procedure was designed to extinguish. They would be a menace to society. As such they could, rightly, be destroyed. Therefore all have given writing of their actions over to the crowned head organic structure. Because the actions of the autonomous represent the actions of all the topics, it follows that if a crowned head does something to a topic so it is that capable making it to himself or herself. For case, the crowned head ordered a house to be destroyed. The individual who owned the house could non kick about the crowned head. This is because when that individual agreed to hold the crowned head as their swayer, they besides agreed to do their actions the crowned head? s. Following this line of concluding it makes sense to state that it was non the crowned head that destroyed the individual? s house it was that individual. If we look at the actions of a crowned head in this light so it becomes clear that they can non be said to make? injustice or injury? to their topics. This is what? It has already been shown, that nil the autonomous representative can make to a topic? can decently be called unfairness, or hurt? ? Means. But why is it that Hobbes believes this? There are a figure of grounds that can be easy deduced from the text. If you are faulting person for something unfair so it makes sense that you would penalize him or her for this action. If this unfairness were serious plenty so the crowned head could be put to decease. If this class of action were followed so one time once more the topic would be back in that same province of lawlessness that Hobbes speaks of in chapter 13. This is clearly non a coveted consequence. What are the consequences of this lawlessness? I have already mentioned a few. But some of these are in a sense the marks that a period of lawlessness, or? war? is Hobbes? words, is taking topographic point. That there is a demand or willingness to work out jobs with force is one of the marks of lawlessness. The other I have mentioned is that of everyman being against every other. Anarchy besides has effects. Harmonizing to Hobbes, there can be no agriculture of the land, pilotag e or sea trade, edifice of big constructions, no usage of advanced conveyance engineering, no function, no calendars, no humanistic disciplines, no authorship, no society, and a? ? continual fright and danger of violent decease? ? It is clear that none of these things are desirable. I have already shown that Hobbes views a crowned head who regulations over a big figure of people as the lone feasible option to anarchy. Taking this into history it is clear when we besides view the effects of lawlessness that Hobbes would desire to avoid anything that would disrupt the reign of the crowned head. The autonomous being incarcerated of executed for unfairness to a topic would surely measure up as such an break. Hobbes believes that a autonomous power can non make unfairness or hurt to a topic because in his eyes this consequences in the autumn back to lawlessness. 1 ) Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan ~ Parts One and Two, United States of America, 1958. 2 ) Martin, Rex, ? Authority and Sovereignty? , in Peter Caws, eds. , The Causes of Quarrel, Massachusetts, 1989. 3 ) Altman, Andrew, ? Glory, Respect, and Violent Conflict? , in Peter Caws, eds. , The Causes of Quarrel, Massachusetts, 1989. 4 ) Landesman, Charles, ? Contemplations on Hobbes: Anarchy and Human Nature? , in Peter Caws, eds. , The Causes of Quarrel, Massachusetts, 1989. 5 ) Strauss, Leo, ? On the Spirit of Hobbes Political Philosophy? , in K. C. Brown, eds. , Hobbes Studies, Great Britain, 1965.

Impact of Perry essays

Impact of Perry essays On July 8, 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy, commanding a squadron of two steamers and two sailing vessels, sailed into Tokyo harbor, carrying the message to the Japanese authorities : Agree to trade in peace, or suffer the consequences in war.(Andrew Gordon, Modern History of Japan, p49). His mission signified American interest in Japan trade. After taking over California from Mexico in the 1848, Americans wanted to become a commercial power in the Pacific. Also, with the whaling supplies exhausted in the Atlantic, Americans and British whalers had ventured into the Pacific waters and facing the competition of the British, the American wanted Japanese to sell coal to their naval fleet and allow resupply stops for the whalers in Japanese ports and to open Japan as a new market for their manufactured goods. Japan at this time was ruled by the shogun from the Tokugawa family and during this period, Japanese contacts with outsiders were severely limited, primarily due to the fear of the shogun and the other samurai that outside contacts presented a potential threat to their power. In response to this incident, the shogun ordered defence to be strengthened along the coastline and rumours of impending war sparked off panic in Japan. Also, the shogun did something unprecedented and unusual, he actually requested the various daimyos submit their advice on how to best deal with the Americans in hope of rallying a consensus for his choice to make some concessions and avoid war(Gordan, Modern History of Japan, p49). In early 1854, he returned with a fleet of 9 ships and the Japanese tried to intimidate the Americans but to no avail, and faced with the firmness of Perry and aware of their military strength relative to the Americans, the shogun signed the Treaty of Kanagawa which opened 2 ports(Shimoda and Hakodate) to the Americans. This event was followed by similar treaties with other Western p...

All That Is Solid Melts Into Air

All That Is Solid Melts Into Air The works of Djuna Barnes and Joseph Conrad will be discussed in this essay, with regard to "All that is Solid Melts into Air", which is one of the numerous descriptions of modernism. This statement can be interpreted in a number of ways, and one of the most obvious interpretations appears to be that everything around us is constantly evolving with time. Here, I shall attempt to show that Barnes' novel, Nightwood, as well as Conrad's short story, The End of the Tether, are good illustrations of this statement, as I am of the opinion that they both touch on various issues that were once taken for granted and were hardly ever challenged.The two writers have, in their own ways, managed to manipulate these issues in such a way that readers, on a small scale, and society on a larger one, are now being forced out of their original comfort zones, and made to question and re-evaluate their lives in which no one has ever dared or cared enough to defy convention.Illustration from The Book of R epulsive WomenTradition has become a thing of the past, and it is perhaps the ultimate aim of these writers, through their writings, to bring people to the simple, yet often overlooked realization that nothing can, nor should, be assumed to be real and constant.Both of the texts that I have chosen, deal with the assumption that relationships, of any sort, are generally "solid", or rather, are dependable and would not fail those who are involved in these relationships. The characters appear to have a certain naivety about them, as they seem to believe that just as long as some form of effort is put into the maintenance of their relationships with others, there is no reason for these relationships to disintegrate into nothing. It is as though...

Causes and Effects of Unemployment and Examination of Government Essay

Causes and Effects of Unemployment and Examination of Government Policies to Reduce It - Essay Example There are four major categories of Unemployment: Cyclical, Classical, Frictional and Structural (Politics.Co.Uk, 2011). Each of these categories of unemployment has different roots. Cyclical unemployment is mainly linked to variations in the business cycles. It often takes place when the economy is passing through a recession. In such a phase, the demand for goods and services decreases in the economy, which results in firms cutting down on output and laying off workers. This is considered to be the chief cause of Unemployment. The 2007-08 global recession resulted in soaring cyclical unemployment in the United Kingdom with the unemployment figures going past 2.5 million in May 2010, the highest for almost two decades (Kornacki, 2011). The second important category of Unemployment is Classical unemployment. It is also known as Real Wage Unemployment. It takes place when an attempt is made to synthetically keep the wages above the equilibrium formed between the supply and demand curve s. For instance, economic institutions such as a strong trade union may influence the movement of wages beyond the equilibrium resulting in surplus labour supply and thereby causing Classical Unemployment. Frictional Unemployment is the third category of Unemployment. This type of unemployment is related to people being in between jobs. It is considered to be the time phase between jobs or when a worker is switching from one job to another. It is believed to be an everlasting phenomenon in the economy as there are always employers finding workers and workers searching jobs. Mismatch between workers and employers often occur in the economy due to disparity of interests between them with regard to factors such as payment, location, mind-set, etc. The last major category of Unemployment is the Structural Unemployment. It is usually caused due to mismatch of skills and location. For instance, there may be jobs available which require certain type of skills; however, if the workers do no t possess the appropriate skills, then this results in unemployment. Structural Unemployment in the coal mining industry of the United Kingdom rose sharply in the early 1980’s as new technology in the form of Nuclear energy came into the picture. In the case of a mismatch of location, jobs may exist in some other part of the country but workers might not be able to move there due to personal or other reasons (Himmelweit et al, 2001). There are benefits as well as costs of unemployment. The prime benefit associated with this phenomenon is that it keeps the inflation down, which too has severe effects on the economy. The other benefits in the view of the employers are that workers are available to employ; and they would work hard as well, due to the fear of getting unemployed. There are mainly two types of costs of unemployment, individual and social. With regard to the individual, unemployment paralyzes the individual’s ability to tackle financial requirements related t o oneself or one’s family, resulting in stress and diseases which can lead to severe depression as well. Socially, higher unemployment means lack of utilization of economic resources, particularly labour. Moreover, unemployment also leads to social evils such as

Marketing online forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marketing online forum - Assignment Example Student’s reply: E-marketing will truly affect consumer perceptions of privacy and security. As technology continues to improve over the years, methods of advertising will advance as well. Companies will always match up with other companies, trying to attract as many consumers as they can. All the popular websites feature internet marketing; search engines, online forums and communities such as My Space and Facebook, and company websites. On online communities such as Facebook, ads pop up that match up with ones interests that may be displayed in their profile. This is another advancement companies have made to promote themselves. It is controversial because information in someones account has been made available to online companies in promoting themselves. This happens all over the internet, yet people still continue to use the internet because it is quick and easy, and often times, requires little work. E-marketing has kept up with the consumer. Marketing has gone from paper , to graphic, to electronic, and with the help of the internet, international. Marketers used pop-up ads to get a users attention which the consumers disliked. Now they fill the sides of pages while users surf the internet. Marketers have offered online newsletters to users on many sites. This is one method I believe has worked. Companies ask a user if they would like to join a news letter, and they receive these letters only if they agree. This way, if they are not interested in the company, they will not be bothered. This was one approach marketers used that I felt worked and respected peoples privacy. Response: I agree with the above statement. E-marketing has come to stay and unless a major obstacle or glitch like the Y2K scare interrupts the internet connectivity, which is most unlikely, companies will continue to develop new strategies to sell their products on the internet. However, this will happen only in the tech savvy developed world. Other

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay Example for Free

Psychological Effects one can have due to Sleep Deprivation Essay According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep is the state of being conscious wherein there is a decrease of perception, and reaction to the environment of an individual (p. 953). Sleep exerts physiologic effects on both the nervous systems and other body structures and also it restores normal levels of activity and balance among parts of the nervous systems (p. 956). There are two types of sleep, NREM sleep and REM sleep, NREM sleep or non-REM sleep is a deep, restful sleep and some physiologic functions were decreased. It is also referred to as a low wave sleep because when a person sleeps the brain waves tends to slow than the alpha and beta waves of an awake person. NREM sleep is divided into four stages: stage 1- very light sleep wherein the person feels drowsy and relaxed, stage 2- light sleep that will last only from ten to fifteen minutes, stage 3- domination of parasympathetic nervous systems that slows down the heart and respiratory rates as well as other body processes and sometimes snoring may occur and the fourth stage will be the deep sleep is thought to restore the body physically, dreams and rolling of the eyes may occur in this stage. Another type of sleep is the REM sleep or the rapid eye movement sleep that constitutes 25% of sleep of a young adult and usually recurs every ninety minutes and lasts five to thirty minutes. On the other hand, dreams in REM sleep were usually remembered because it is consolidated in the memory (pp. 953-954). There are many factors that may affect sleep of an individual, quality of sleep and quantity of sleep were both affected by a number of factors. The quality of sleep is the ability of an individual to stay asleep and to get the required amount of REM and NREM sleep while the quantity of sleep is the total time the individual sleeps. Age, environment fatigue, life style, psychological stresses are just some of the factors that indeed affects the sleep of an individual (p. 956). Literature Review In an internet article, they listed six persons that have a contribution in sleep research. A French Scientist Henri Pieron authored a book entitled â€Å"Le probleme physiologique du sommeil,† which was the first text to examine sleep from a physiological perspective. This work is usually regarded as the beginning of the modern approach to sleep research. Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, now known as the â€Å"Father of American sleep research,† he started working in Chicago in the 1920’s questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Another contributor is questioning the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and of circadian rhythms. Kleitman’s crucial work included studies of sleep characteristics in different populations and the effect of sleep deprivation. Dr. William C. Dement extended Dr. Kleitman’s path of research. Dement described the â€Å"cyclical† nature of nocturnal sleep in 1955, and in 1957 and ’58 established the relationship between REM sleep and dreaming. In 1958, he published a paper explaining that in a sleeping cat there is a cyclic organization existence, thus creating an explosion of fundamental research that gathers researchers from different fields of specialty. For the next 20 years, Michel Jouvet leads to an identification of REM sleep as an independent state of alertness, which he called â€Å"paradoxical sleep. Another one is H. Gastaut and his colleagues discovered the presence of apnea during sleep in a subgroup of â€Å"Pickwickian† patients (1965) that lead them to an outbreak of investigations of the control exercised by the â€Å"sleeping brain† on the body’s vital functions. His work eventually led to the new discipline of â€Å"sleep medicine† (A brief history of sleep research, â€Å"n. a. †). Sleep deprivation and its causes According to Kozier et Al. (2002), sleep deprivation is only one out of many common sleep disorders. They defined sleep deprivation as a syndrome of prolonged disturbance that leads the amount, quality, and consistency of sleep to decrease and thus produces a variety of physiologic and behavioral symptoms, its harshness will depend on the degree of the deprivation. Again there are two types of sleep deprivation REM and NREM deprivation, the combination of the two deprivation increases the severity of symptoms. Alcohol, barbiturates, shift work, jet lag, extended ICU hospitalization, morphine, and meperidine hydrochloride are the causes of REM deprivation, while all of the causes of REM deprivation plus diazepam flurazepam hydrochloride, hypothyroidism, depression, respiratory distress disorders, sleep apnea, and age causes NREM deprivation, and both REM and NREM deprivation is caused from the combination of both REM and NREM deprivation causes (p. 959). Another cause of sleep deprivation is from the psychological stress wherein anxiety and depression frequently disturb sleep. A person can’t relax adequately to get to sleep if he or she is having a personal problem. Another factor is alcohol and stimulants, people who drinks alcohol excessively has the higher rates of sleep disturbances. Alcohol disrupts REM sleep even though it fastens the onset of sleep. Diet- weight loss is accompanied with reduced total sleep time as well as broken sleep and earlier awakening. Smoking, cigarettes contains nicotine that has stimulating effects on the body and may cause in difficulty of falling asleep. Motivation, person’s desire to stay awake can cause a fatigue, and illness, an ill person is more prone to sleep deprivation, in their condition they need to have more sleep, but a patient in a hospital is disturb by their time to take their medicines, and respiratory conditions can also disturb sleep thus disturbing their total time of sleep a person is required to have (p. 956). Psychological and physical effects of sleep deprivation  The effects of sleep deprivation to the body is like a chain reaction, its main target is the brain, since the brain is the control unit of the body, the brain controls and is responsible for the homeostasis of the body, once the brain is affected many imbalances may occur. For REM deprivation excitability, restlessness, irritability, increased sensitivity to pain, confusion and suspiciousness, and emotional liability can possibly be the effects. For NREM deprivation one may show hyporesponsiveness, withdrawal, apathy, feeling physically uncomfortable, lack of facial expression, and speech deterioration. For both REM and NREM deprivation, inattentiveness, decreased reasoning ability and the ability to concentrate, marked fatigue manifested by blurred vision, itchy eyes, nausea, headache, difficulty in performing activities of daily living, lack of memory, mental confusion, visual or auditory hallucinations and illusions can be its primary effects to one’s both psychological and physical aspect of a person. Since stress is one of the major factor affecting sleep deprivation whether it’s psychological or physical stress. As you think more and focuses your mind into the problem, your mind will become more fatigue (p. 959). Based on the book by Biron et Al. (2006), stress may lead to some psychological problems and may interfere with effective intrapersonal and the intrapersonal behavior of the individual. A person experiencing prolonged stressful events may suffer from feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and consequently, undermining his self esteem. Impaired task performance is another effect of stressful mind; it interferes with our ability to successfully perform a task and responsibilities expected. And disruption of cognitive functioning, people who are under stress are likely to experience loss of concentration, disorientation, and forgetfulness (pp. 184-185). Treatment for sleep deprived persons According to the book made by Kushida (2005), pregnant women are also prone to sleep deprivation. In treating sleep deprivation for pregnant women, they recommended seven treatments to minimize maternal and fetal health risk: a) women should try to seep on the left side and avoid sleeping in supine position.  Avoiding it will ease the stress of the heart, will reduce constriction of the space available to the fetus, will reduce pressure to the inferior vena cava that carries blood back to the heart from the feet and legs, b) if symptoms of RLS are present, consider an evaluation of ferritin, hemoglobin, and folate levels and supplement when indicated, c) treat sleeping- disordered breathing with CPAP, d) avoid staying in bed when unable to seep, e) address anxiety provoking issues to reduce overall level of arousal, f) Consider regular exercise, pregnant women who exercise three times a week for at least thirty minutes have less insomnia and anxiety than pregnant women who do not exercise, and g) treat psychophysiological insomnia with empirically supported cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (p. 185). Another form of treatment is discussed by Greist and Jefferson (1992), psychosurgery is a rare treatment; it is not then advisable if other treatments have not been tested to a patient. Careful neurosurgical interruption of brain pathways has been shown that fifty percent of patients has been helped to this kind of treatment (pp. 79-80). Conclusion: Sleep is really a helpful in obtaining our health; it restores our body’s energy. Sleep deprivation is not really a syndrome but an effect due to some disturbances, stress, and anxiety that makes our brain to send signal to our body to be awake, an unnecessary awakening that affects our total time of sleep.  When our body is stressful or lack of average sleep needed by each individual, our brain do not work properly thus affecting our lifestyle, our ability to think and cope up with problems, and then other diseases may occur if not immediately taken to concern, because stress attacks our brain and knowing that our brain is the control center of our body. Recommendation: If sleeplessness and the listed signs and symptoms occur, it will be a clever decision if you consult a Doctor immediately prior to health concern. It is also a best way if symposiums will be conducted or seminars that discuss about Sleep deprivation to school and or universities so that students and educators will be aware to the effects of sleep deprivation that one can possibly have due to body exhaustion and abuse.

Asphyxiation Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Asphyxiation The Vancouver Sun later confirmed the events of that night: two hikers found two dead bodies at Camper Creek on the West Coast Trail on the sixth of May 1998. The article didn’t say who the hikers were, nor did it say who the dead Native Americans were, for what would the world do with those four meaningless names? None of the four was famous, beautiful, or rich: just normal people drawn together on one particular night. The encounter was determined by two simple factors: the speed of the hikers along the soggy trail and the speed of leaking gas that asphyxiated two men in a patrol cabin. The hikers never knew the two indigenous people, except for what they wore that night, what booze they drank, and what side they slept on. And those simple details were just enough to make the dead bodies Human: capable of joking, singing, fighting, and eating. So the sudden termination of these lives confused the hikers, for they weren’t sure what they should feel about the death of two strangers. The hikers stared and stared at the bodies, perhaps feeling sadness for the friends, parents, and lovers of these men, but feeling only emptiness for the men themselves. They were just two more anonymous faces, frozen in their final dreams and nothing more than dead. I. Dididat Nations People have lived on Vancouver Island since the last ice age, when the Bering Strait froze and allowed human passage from Asia to North America. The Pacific Northwest tribes thrived for thousands of years in this rich ecosystem, where trees grow to such vast sizes that a hollow trunk may hold twenty people without much trouble. For thousands of years, the forest remained a bountiful network of life: moss and lichens crept over every tree... ...we found the bodies, yet the crashing blue-green water spins me into a reality that is worlds away from the sight of stiff men. I'm not sure if this is healing or forgetfulness; all I can be certain of is the bite of the water on my skin and the dropping sun. I stare at my hand under the surface of the water, fascinated by how far away it looks and by the deep blue color of my fingernails. That hand isn't a part of my body, how can it be, it is deep in the water, opening and closing experimentally as water crashes on top of it. I want to leave it there, forever feeling the numbing water, forever fighting the currents that would wash it out to the Pacific Ocean. But then my arm moves, lifts my hand, and I realize it is mine, as are my legs and toes and wet matted hair. And the water keeps falling, pounding, rushing and I just stand there, staring, watching, waiting.

Positive Outcome for Children Essay

Outcome 2: Understand how practitioners can make a positive difference in outcomes for children and young people. Question 1: Identify the positive outcomes for children and young people that practitioners should be striving to achieve. As we already discussed this in one of the five outcomes in Every Child Matters. As a qualified child care worker I should be aware and make positive contribution in the entire are of child development and support and improve them to achieve all across the five ECM outcomes. Be healthy Stay safe Enjoy and achieve Make a positive contribution Achieve economic well-being. All the children Trust have a board of representatives to ensure that children have accessible and develop plan in a comprehensive and simple manner. A Trust is a partnership which brings the entire organisation together for example schools, police, Family Doctors, Social Workers, and so on. Their aim is to take responsibility for services for children and young people with their families’ to share information, protect and committing to improving children and young people’s lives and each one of them will plan and show how to meet these five outcomes in their area. Every Child Matter is cover from birth to 19 years old. This was highlighted by the tragic death of Victoria Climbie at the hands of her cares, resulting in a independent inquiry into her death. The Laming Report in 2003, in common with other inquiries into child deaths over years, criticised the approach to protecting children on our society. The Laming Report resulted in a green paper, Every Child Matters, which in turn led to the Children Act 2004 in England and other four countries in the UK. 1.To achieve positive outcome in Early Years Foundation Stage whatever their religion or background the government introduce free health meal at school with milk and five a day to all children in which help to reduce obesity in some way because there are most children who don’t have chance to eat at least two or three variety of  fruit a day also it help the parents to achieve the healthy way of living for the seek for the wellbeing for their children. 2. We must comply with law for the safeguarding for children to be safe at all times and we can encourage them, doesn’t matter of age of child that any point they make is valuable to us and must be considerable. We must let them know that they have the voice and they must be heard if they feel any dough or danger. We can make positive difference by keeping children safe from accidents, crime and bullying, forced marriages, missing children, safe environments, FGM, and many more. At Early Years Foundation Stage by the ag e of five a child must achieve 90% of success in school in all area that needed of child development. 3. Every child have right to enjoy and achieve in their study. We are requiring following a child holistic development to observe children doing rather than assuming that you know what are interested in and become familiar with their needs. By the age of Eleven (secondary school) children are expected to achieve a very height expectation in English and Maths skill for adult life at least 90% and in most of the subjects at the age of 15. When the children are well supportive at school their achievement are high expectable by the age of 15, 90% must achieve 5 equivalent GCSEs and at age 19 at least 80% will achieve two to three equivalent A Levels. 4. Making positive contribution for children and young people which include create environment for the children that will help them to develop self-confidence. In my setting we encourage the children to make their own choices and for them to know that us as practitioners are there to support them if they so need it. Making positive contribution which could lead children and young people to participating in positive activities for skills for their lives which motivate their emotion, behaviour, personalise, socialise and promote their well-being I which will reduce the risk of young people getting involved in crime. 5. Achieve economical well being for children and young people we must ensure that all the children’s activities and play areas encourages them to develop their own independent skills that meet with curriculum which will help and lead them to achieve all the learning outcome in their lives for the better future or career for them to be Doctor, Scientist, Pilot and so on. The better achievement economic we plan, the better it will be for children and young people to exceed in their education which will help us beat poverty and many more. BIBLIOGRAPHY Textbook: Children And Young People’s Workforce Early Learning & Childcare Level 3 Author names: Penny Tassoni, Kate Beith, Kath Bulma and Sue Griffin Series Consultant: Maureen Smith Publisher’s name: Heinemann Work-Based Learning. Published on 2010.

Organizational Effectiveness Essay

The survival of an organization must have the ability to change with the environment. New generations and advanced technology continue to challenge organizations. To completely gain an understanding on the effectiveness of an organization, it is important to identify the three key metrics and provide an example for each. Next, a company will be selected for ineffectiveness and a description of practices that have contributed to the organizations ineffectiveness. The last metric is recognized for the beneficial purpose toward the effectiveness on the organization. Key Metrics and Examples â€Å"Because managers are responsible for utilizing organizational resources in a way that maximizes an organization’s ability to create value, it is important to understand how they evaluate organizational performance† (Jones, 2010, p. 15). The three key metrics for an effective organization are control, innovation, and efficiency. The first key metric is control which is defined as focusing on the customers, stakeholders, and internal and external resources of the organization. The second key metric is innovation which means the recreation or discovery of a new product. During the innovation of a new product, the organization must then look into developing new skills and processes for the employees. The third key metric is efficiency which means to stay on top of competitive products, gaining knowledge of new technology, all in a cost effective and timely manner. An example of control is when management takes the action to secure â€Å"scarce and valued skills and resources from outside the organization† (Jones, 2010, p. 15). To provide an example of innovation from an internal approach, a manager will evaluate an employee’s skills and ask them to invent a creative product based on their customer’s needs. An example of efficiency is  Ã¢â‚¬Å"convert skills and resources efficiently into finished goods and services (technical approach)† (Jones, 2010, p. 15). Ineffective Business and Practices An ineffective business I am familiar with is a county courthouse I worked with for over five years. The practices they were utilizing in their offices was confusing for new hired employees and courtroom staff. Each courtroom judge and their staff ran their office differently so the main district clerk office would have to train their staff various ways pertaining to each judge. Information entered into an old software application was not accurate and documents were stored in folders with mistaken case numbers on some case files. Constituents would often miss their court dates due to lack of written communication because the district clerk staff was not mailing out the forms in the appropriate time. Eventually, the courthouse had to benefit in a new technological approach to become an effective organization. â€Å"The technical approach allows managers to evaluate how efficiently an organization can convert some fixed amount of organizational skills and resources into finished goods and services† (Jones, 2010, p. 17). Metrics to Improve Effectiveness â€Å"Three metrics that are beneficial in measuring technical effectiveness include measuring product quality to be sure it increases, reduce the number of defects, and reducing production costs† (Jones, 2010). In this scenario, the measurement of product efficiency and productivity based on inputs and outputs is a beneficial way to measure effectiveness. Goals should be defined for control, innovation, and efficiency based on the focus of technology and the data exchanged between offices. It is important to increase the completion of files each day with accurate input on a data system. Reducing inaccurate data or misplaced information for courts will also increase the effectiveness of productivity between the court and clerk offices. The reduction of paper is a production cost if the software application is utilized to its full capacity. Conclusion The definition of an organization environment is â€Å"the set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect its  ability to acquire and use resources to create value† (Jones, 2010, p. 2). An organization that is willing to reinvent itself as their environment changes will be an effective organization that continues to succeed with their products and value their employees. To measure the effectiveness of an organization, the three metrics must be utilized within the inputs and outputs of processes. A county government office was selected for its ineffective practices but with improvement on the three measurements, the organization has the capability of working in an effective manner that would provide a large amount of revenue after five years. Reference Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational, Design, Theory, and Change (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Treaty of Tordesillas

The Treaty of Tordesillas Just months after  Christopher Columbus  returned to Europe from his maiden voyage to the New World, the Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI gave Spain a head-start in the quest for domination over newly discovered regions of the world. The Lands of Spain The Pope decreed that all lands discovered west of a meridian 100 leagues (one league is 3 miles or 4.8 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to  Spain  while new lands discovered east of that line would belong to  Portugal. This papal bull also specified that all lands already under the control of a Christian prince would remain under that same control.​ Negotiating to Move the Line to the West This limiting line made Portugal angry. King John II (the nephew of  Prince Henry the Navigator) negotiated with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain to move the line to the west. King Johns rationale to Ferdinand and Isabella was that the Popes line extends all around the globe, thus limiting Spanish influence in Asia. The New Line On June 7, 1494, Spain and Portugal met at Tordesillas, Spain and signed a treaty to move the line 270 leagues west, to 370 leagues west of  Cape Verde. This new line (located at approximately 46 ° 37) gave Portugal more claim to South America yet also provided Portugal with automatic control over most of the Indian Ocean. Treaty of Tordesillas Accurately Determined While it would be several hundred years before the line of the Treaty of Tordesillas could be accurately determined (due to problems determining longitude), Portugal and Spain kept to their sides of the line quite well. Portugal ended up colonizing places like Brazil in South America and India and  Macau  in Asia. Brazils Portuguese-speaking population is a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas. Portugal and Spain ignored an order from the Pope in enacting their treaty, but all was reconciled when Pope Julius II agreed to the change in 1506.

The Ancient Japanese Ninja Essays

The Ancient Japanese Ninja Essays The Ancient Japanese Ninja Essay The Ancient Japanese Ninja Essay The ancient Japanese ninja Ninja or Shinobi were known as Samurai spies of ancient Japan. They developed the skills of Ninjutsu (which means the â€Å"art of stealth†). The ninja were an elite group or secret brotherhood that used their special techniques for sabotage, infiltration and assassination, as well as open combat. Origins Historians believe that the first ninjas appeared around the 14th century however it was not until the 15th century that they were specially trained as spies and assassins. The word Shinobi appeared around this time and means a secretive group of agents. The normal Samurai soldier fought with honour where they were expected to fight openly and face their enemy, however the Ninja had more secretive roles including spy, scout, surprise attacker and agitator. Records tell of ninja who retreated to the mountains near Iga and Koga of central japan to meditate and train. Their groups were small and formed around families and villages. Roles The ninja were stealth soldiers whose roles were of espionage and sabotage. In battle the ninja could also be used to cause confusion amongst the enemy. Some ninja had similar roles to the samurai but they were more influential. As more and more enemy lords were killed by ninja assassins, fear of the ninja spread across the country. Espionage The main role was espionage. They used disguises and found out information on the enemy eg building layouts, terrain and passwords and codes. Sabotage Arson was the ninja’s main form of sabotage for example in 1558 Yoshitaka employed a team of ninja to set fire to Sawyama Castle then Yoshitaka’s army later over-ran the castle. Tactics The ninja did not always work alone, some ninjas worked in teams to do techniques, for example in order to scale a wall, a group of ninja may carry each other on their backs or provide a human platform to assist a individual ninja in reaching greater heights he cant make by himself. Ninjas also used deception, where the attackers (the ninja’s side) made the army dress up in exactly the same clothes as the defenders, causing major confusion. Disguises The use of disguises is common to the ninjas. Disguises came in the form of priests, entertainers, fortune tellers, merchants, ronin (a samurai) and monks Clothing Their clothing was chosen to blend in eg they sometimes dressed as peasants. Many historians believe that the ninja wore black robes, possibly with red to hide bloodstains. Or at night they wore navy blue. Clothing was similar to the samurai, but anything loose (eg leggings) were tucked into pants or secured with belts so they wouldn’t catch on anything. They also had a piece of cloth (a tenugui) used to cover their face, used as a belt or to help climb. Ninjas were also known to have armour designed to be worn under their clothing. Shin arm guards with metal-reinforced hoods are also thought to be worn. Tools Tools were used to help climb and infiltrate enemy castles etc they included * Ropes and grappling hooks were common and tied to the belt. * collapsible ladders with spikes at both ends to anchor the ladder. * Spiked or hooked climbing gear worn on hands feet also doubled as weapons. * Chisels, hammers, drills picks * Inflatable skins breathing tubes allowed the ninja to stay underwater. Weaponry Short swords and daggers were used however the katana was the popular weapon carried on the back. It had several uses eg the scabbard could be extended out of the sword and used as a probing instrument. At the top of the katana, dust or pepper could be placed so when the sword was drawn, this powder would fly into the enemy’s eyes then the ninja could stab him. Darts, spikes, knives, chain sickle and sharp star-shaped discs were also used. Food As a ninja is a special type of samurai they would eat the same food as other samurai for example, rice, fresh vegetables like cabbage, root vegetables and fish.

DQWEEK8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DQWEEK8 - Essay Example The software requirements process will give the developers the requirements that will be required of the system that will be developed. The developers will use the blueprint of the business requirements to come up with the system. It is an important process that will determine the outcome of the system. For any system to be accepted by the users, it will have to meet the requirements and the needs of these users (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another important software process is that of software development. This is so because the avoidance of software bugs will help to eradicate the errors that will be met when using the software. The software development process should be undertaken using the right software tools and the right technologies. Without proper tools, there will be many deficiencies in terms of functionalities. When developing the software, the right and modern trends and technologies should be used. Technology is dynamic as it keeps changing. The right and current technology should be used. This will ensure that the resultant software product will be as recent and up to date as much as possible (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Software improvement is yet another important software process that is important in the software processes. This process is important as it enables the organization to have the latest capabilities from the software. It enables developers to integrate the latest technologies and patch holes that have been identified in the software. Even though the technologies that were used in the initial development of the software could be obsolete, this process of software improvement will enable the software to have the latest features and have had recent technologies integrated. It is, therefore, important to have this important process while developing the software (Tan & Ruighaver 2004). The key processes that are used in the course are six. The parts that re missing are the testing of the software. The ramification of the missing parts is that sof tware testing, if not done, will bring software which might be having deficiencies. This could bring errors in the business processes. Deploying a software product without testing will introduces bugs to the business process. If the bug affects financial procedures, then a lot of money will be lost in the business (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another important process that has been missed is that of software analysis and design. This is an important which could bring errors if it is not undertaken. The software product that could be developed could meet the technical requirements but not in the way the users wanted it to be used. It is important to follow the needs of the users. The users will require that the software product follows the design that they anticipated. They might dismiss the whole system just because some function has not been designed in the way they wanted it to be (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another process that has not been mentioned is that maintenance and repair. If the software product is not well maintained, then there will be a lot of problems that will be met by users. It will bring a lot of problems to the software users. To improve the process, there will be the need to ensure that the requirements of the users are followed to the latter (Tan & Ruighaver 2004). Question 2 Timing issues are an important component that should be considered when implementing a real-time system. Timing will affect many processes in the whole business process if timing is not effectively undertaken.

Strategic Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic Supply Chain Management - Essay Example This has put nearly everyone’s job at a risk. No one knows for certainty how they will fare in the coming times or how the business will shape up due to its expanding horizons, changing market dynamics, economic upheavals, top management’s cozy attitude and so on. MultiChem Ltd might just hit the doldrums if it continues on this wave pattern and the laidback attitude that it has had for the past few years would not serve any real purpose behind its foundation as a laboratory producing small batches of chemicals for educational establishments, hospitals and private organizations. The tilt for bringing out the value proposition for the esteemed clients has started to change and that too in a very negative manner. The company has lost focus and just does not know what it wants to achieve and that too in unimaginable and non-calculated capacity. There is a great deal of soul searching which needs to be done if the results have to be positive by any stretch of imagination. MultiChem Ltd should remember the fact that it became a profitable business because it disseminated itself from the companies that produced large batches of chemicals and thus MultiChem Ltd was the only one within Central Europe which catered to the markets when the talk went out loud regarding the acquisition of small scale chemical batches. There was no other player in the market as such and if any cropped up on the scene, MultiChem Ltd had the funds and resources to buy out those organizations in a quick manner. This made the task of MultiChem Ltd pretty easy since it found out that the monopolizing factor within its business regimes has stayed for a long time and yet a sense of complacency made its way within the supply chain domains – indeed a quick recipe for disaster as far as MultiChem Ltd was concerned. The troubles started and that too from different angles. The focus was just not there and MultiChem Ltd knew

Study on Brady Udall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Study on Brady Udall - Essay Example The thesis statement of this paper is that in his book, Letting Loose the Hounds, Brady Udall provides his characters an opportunity at hope to support his claim that dealing with the themes of sadness, despair and darkness alone cannot make a book candid and real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jerry, the protagonist and the narrator of Midnight Raid, is a representative of those people who are dealing with the pain of lost love. "Midnight Raid", perhaps the widely acclaimed story of Udall which is also the first story in this book, reflects the themes of darkness and confusion in the beginning itself. Through the simple, crispy and witty narration by Jerry we come to know that Jerry, drunk, is at the backyard of his â€Å"ex-wife Amy and her new husband Howard† (Udall) at Scottsdale, Arizona, to see his â€Å"seven-year-old son, Tate† and to gift him a goat â€Å"without Amy or Howard finding out about it† (Udall). Here, Jerry, who lost his son in the legal battle to his ex-wife Amy, has come to meet him. Though Jerry is aware about the negative consequences of his action, he deliberately puts in an effort to see his son and communicate his love. Though he had a troubled relation with Amy he was a loving father to Tate.  Ã‚   Hence, Jerry though convinces himself that his relation with Amy ended due to the indiscretions and betrayals  Ã‚   from both sides and that Howard is Amy’s new Husband, he fails to convince the father in him. Jerry, at the moment, is fragmented and is heartbroken.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Midnight Raid is essentially a tragic story which has been tamed well to make it candid and real.   Jerry as well as other characters portrayed in Udall’s stories is found to be constantly dealing with the confusion whether to accept or to fight their sad circumstances. They are stuck in the battle of wills and are constantly being torn apart between ‘letting go’ and ‘wanting to let go’. In t he case of Jerry, we can see that he is confused and worried about his wife who "left [him] to marry this liver-spotted senior citizen with dentures and an artificial leg". He consoles himself at the thought that Howard is rich enough to provide financial security to Amy. His mind is "completely scraped out from the inside" when he finally left his loved ones with Howard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Udall by making Jerry the protagonist of Midnight Raid is purposefully interweaving humor in to the dark rather unpleasant story. Jerry, the narrator and the protagonist of Midnight Raid, was introduced by Udall as a six-foot-three Apache Indian carrying a goat into his ex-wife's back yard in the middle of the night. Udall bestows Jerry with comic sense that does not get stained even at the face of his desperation, which is evident from many of the passages of the story.   An instance for this is when Jerry, while narrating the â€Å"end of relationship story" states that his â€Å"divor ce was an honest, smash-mouth affair† (Udall).   Udall, in an interview by Robert Birnbaum, regarding the presence of comic in his stories, commented that "a book can't just be all darkness, all dark notes...I owe my characters some opportunity at hope or redemption. It's not going to be the redemption that the reader expects...I respect my characters...I can't just hurt them and kill them just for my purposes...It would be too much for me to do

Descriptive Words Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Words Essay Words Smile, grin, beam, smirk . . . Frown, scowl, glare, glower, grimace . . . Stare, gaze, gape, watch, gawk, ogle, look, examine, leer . . . Flinch, recoil, balk, cringe, shy away, pull back, wince, cower, shrink, tremble . . . Incredulous, disbelieving, skeptical, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, suspicious, questioning, vague . . . Quizzical, questioning, puzzled, surprised, perplexed, inquiring Interested, curious, involved, attentive, concerned, attracted, fascinated, engrossed . . . Sad, gloomy, cheerless, depressing, dark, dull, thick, dreary . . Happy, content, pleased, glad, joyful, cheerful, blissful, exultant, ecstatic, delighted, cheery, jovial . . . Scared, frightened, terrified, petrified, afraid, fearful, nervous, anxious, worried, timid, shy . . . Strong, burly, brawny, strapping, muscular, beefy, tough, fervent, intense, zealous, avid, eager . . . Coy, bashful, timid, modest, reserved, demure . . . Indifferent, apathetic, unresponsive . . . Remote, aloof, detached, distant . . Threatened, intimidated, alarmed, worried, anxious, troubled, upset, distressed, shocked, startled . . . Crash, thud, bump, thump, bang, thunder, smash, explode, roar, shout, scream, screech, shout, whistle, whine, squawk, blare, slam, stomp, stamp, noise, clap, bark, meow, moo, boom, yell, whisper, hum, snap, hiss, crackle . . . Taut, uptight, immobilized, paralyzed, tense, stretched, hollow, alarmed, strong, weak, sweaty, breathless, nauseated, sluggish, weary, tired, alive, feisty . . . Angry, resentful, irritated, enraged, furious, annoyed, inflamed, provoked, infuriated, offended, sullen, indignant, irate, wrathful, cross, sulky, bitter, frustrated, grumpy, boiling, fuming, stubborn, belligerent, confused, awkward, bewildered, empty . . . Angrily, anxiously, brightly, cheerfully, comfortably, curiously, delightfully, eagerly, enormously, excitedly, faintly, falsely, fearfully, foolishly, frightfully, gently, gracefully, gratefully, greedily, grumpily, helplessly, heroically, hungrily, impatiently, joyfully, kindly, luckily, magically, majestically, merrily, remarkably, splendidly, strangely, swiftly, unusually Afraid, fearful, frightened, timid, wishy-washy, shaky, apprehensive, fidgety, terrified, panicky, tragic, hysterical, cautious, shocked, horrified, insecure, impatient, nervous, dependent, anxious, pressured, worried, doubtful, suspicious, hesitant, awed, dismayed, scared, petrified, gutless . . . Bad, worse, poor, terrible, horrible, evil, wicked, corrupt, heinous, inferior, inept, ill, unfortunate , distressful . . . Big, huge, giant, gigantic, monstrous, tremendous , gargantuan , large, wide, important, influential, immense, massive, bulky, heavy, voluminous . . . Eager, keen, earnest, intent, zealous, ardent, avid, anxious, enthusiastic, proud . . . Fearless,, encouraged, courageous, confident, secure, independent, reassured, bold, brave, daring, heroic, hardy, determined, loyal, proud, impulsive . . . Good, excellent, fine, satisfactory , kind, generous, worthy, humane, pure, benign, benevolent , proper, valid, favored . . Happy, brisk, buoyant, calm, carefree, cheerful, cheery, comfortable, complacent, contented, ecstatic, elated, enthusiastic, excited, exhilarated, generous, glad, grateful, hilarious, inspired, jolly, joyous, lighthearted, merry, optimistic, peaceful, playful, pleased, relaxed, restive, satisfied, serene, sparkling, spirited, surprised, vivacious . . Hurt, injured, isolated, offended, distressed, pained, suffering, afflicted, worried, tortured . . Little, small, tiny, micros copic, miniscule, minute, inconsequential, Lilliputian, insignificant, narrow, thin, paltry, modest, slender, slight . . . Looked, gazed, peered, starched , stared, glanced, sighted, regarded , attended , viewed, inspected , directed, followed . . Nice, friendly, helpful, gentle, warm, inspiring, good-natured, kind, generous, cheerful, loving, happy, funny, peppy, relaxed, thoughtful, cooperative . . . Ran, trotted, skipped, hurried, moved, sped, operated, progressed , glided, flowed, traced, pursued, galloped, loped, fled . . . Sad, sorrowful, unhappy, depressed, melancholy, gloomy, somber, dismal, heavy-hearted, mournful, dreadful, dreary, flat, blah, dull, in the dumps, sullen, moody, sulky, out of sorts, low, discontented, discouraged, disappointed, concerned, sympathetic, compassionate, choked up, embarrassed, shameful, ashamed, useless, worthless, ill at ease . . . Said, acknowledged, acquiesced, added, addressed, admitted, admonished, advised, advocated, affirmed, agreed, alleged, allowed, announced, answered, approved, argued, asked, assented, asserted, assumed, assured, attested, avowed, babbled, bantered, bargained, barked, began, begged, bellowed, beseeched, boasted, bragged, brought, called, cautioned, charged, chided, cited, claimed, commanded, comment, commented, complained, conceded, concluded, condescended, confessed, confided, consented, contended, contested, continued, contradicted, counseled, countered, cracked, cried, debated, decided, declared, decreed, demanded, demurred, denied, denounced, described, dictated, directed, disclosed, disrupted, divulged, drawled, droned, elaborated, emphasized, enjoined, entreated, enunciated, estimated, exclaimed, explained, exposed, expressed, faltered, feared, foretold, fumed, giggled, granted, granted, grinned, groaned, growled, grumbled, haggled, hedged, held, hesitated, hinted, howled, impar ted, implied, implored, indicated, inferred, informed, inquired, insinuated, insisted, instructed, nterjected, interrogated, intimated, intimidated, itemized, jested, judged, lamented, laughed, lectured, lied, lisped, listed, made, maintained, mentioned, mimicked, moaned, mumbled, murmured, mused, muttered, nagged, narrated, noted, notified, objected, observed, opined, orated, ordered, petitioned, pleaded, pled, pointed, prayed, predicted, proclaimed, professed, prompted, pronounced, proposed, propounded, protested, proved, publicized, queried, questioned, quibbled, quipped, quoted, rambled, ranted, reaffirmed, reasoned, reassured, reciprocated, recited, recommended, recounted, referred, refuted, regretted, reiterated, rejoiced, rejoined, related, relented, remarked, reminded, remonstrated, repeated, replied, reported, reprimanded, requested, responded, restated, resumed, retorted, returned, revealed, roared, ruled, sanctioned, scoffed, scolded, screamed, shouted, shrieked, snapped, sneered, sobbed, solicited, specified, spoke, sputtered, stammered, stated, stipulated, stormed, stressed, stuttered, suggested, taunted, testified, thought, threatened, told, twitted, unbridled, urged, uttered, vowed, wailed, warned, went, wept, whispered, whistled, whooped, wrangled, yawned, yelled . . . Amazing, Attractive, Authentic, Beautiful, Better, Big, Colorful, Colossal, Complete, Confidential, Enormous, Excellent, Exciting, Exclusive, Expert, Famous, Fascinating, Free, Full, Genuine, Gigantic, Huge, Informative, Instructive, Interesting, Lavishly, Liberally, Mammoth, Professional, Startling, Strange, Strong, Sturdy, Successful, Superior, Surprise . . . Crammed, Delivered, Directed . . . Brave, Angry, Bright, Busy, Clever, Cold, Cozy, Deep, Flat, Foggy, Free, Fresh, Frozen, Gentle, Giant, Glad, Grand, Hollow, Hungry, Hurt, Lucky, Neat, New, Old, Polite, Proud, Rough, Serious, Shiny, Short, Shy, Smooth, Spotted, Strong, Tall, Tough, Weak, Wide, Wild, Wise, Bumpy, Careful, Cheerful, Chilly, Clean, Cloudy, Crisp, Damp, Enormous, Fancy, Flashy, Flowery, Frosty, Fuzzy, Huge, Icy, Kind, Marvelous, Merry, Messy, Mighty, Misty, Moldy, Plaid, Plain, Quiet, Scented, Selfish, Sharp, Slim, Slippery, Sloppy, Sly, Soggy, Spicy, Stormy, Striped, Sweet, Tasty, Thinly, Tiny, Velvety, Twinkling, Weak, Worn, Young . . .

The Future of High Definition Television :: Expository Essays Research Papers

The Future of High Definition Television â€Å"DTV is a much bigger step for television than the change from black and white to color† (Epstein, 12/99). The idea of a â€Å"digital television† came about nearly a decade ago in the early 1990’s when scientists realized that much more data could be sent to televisions if it was in a digital format, or a long series of 0’s and 1’s. This is the same method that computers use to send data and this method is very efficient. In fact, the data stream going into the television would be so great that 5 or 6 different channels could be broadcasted at the same time on the same frequency, giving viewers more options. Not only will there be more channels, but some of the other benefits would include a crystal clear picture, cd-quality surround sound, 2-way data-transmission, stock quotes, the Internet, and maybe even telephone services one day. The last four things are possible; they just haven’t been tested to a great extent quite yet. Ho wever, researchers agree that all these things will be possible one day. It is just a matter of time. What it comes down to is that some higher power, in this case the government, needs to step in to help progress this whole transition along or it could be years before everyone has an HDTV in their family room. There are only two main reasons for why the new high-definition television sets haven’t caught on yet. To understand the first reason, it must be viewed from the point of the consumer. Why spend all this money on a new television set when there is no programming for it? This is where the government steps in. By spring of 2002, all stations are required to broadcast shows digitally. Stations ABC and CBS are leading the pack by offering nearly all of their primetime shows in high definition (Takiff, 2001). NBC and FOX are lagging behind and have almost no shows broadcasting in digital (Takiff, 2001). However, by the year 2006, all analog broadcasts will be cut off and only digital broadcasting will remain. So if you think this whole digital television phenomenon won’t affect you†¦ think again. The second thing is price. A new 50† plasma screen HDTV ready television can cost upwards of $20,000 (www.

Two Neighborhoods

We'd make casual small conversation on Saturday mornings when no one had to work and we watched the kids play. We'd also go to the pool In the summer as another way for conversation and fun for everyone. Another good thing about that neighborhood was that it was in such a convenient location. My family and I were within walking distance from my high school, local gyms, flea markets and more. I was able to walk to any of these places whenever I wanted. Unfortunately, this all changed when my parents told my two younger brothers and me that we had to downgrade and move bout give minutes away.Originally I thought to myself, â€Å"that's not too bad†, but my thought was devastatingly wrong. Overtime I would figure this out. In this neighborhood I found that my ex-boyfriend lives one short block over from mine. Seeing him every morning on the bus to school was never the highlight of my day. Then, just when I thought I'd have a relief, summer came around. Of course, we both wanted t o be at the neighborhood pool all the time, so it was like I couldn't escape from him. Not only that disappoints me about this neighborhood, but also, we have to made as many friends in this neighborhood as the previous one.People just aren't as friendly and neighborly. People in this neighborhood hardly ever speak to one another. Also, this neighborhood, opposite to the one before, is farther away from all the attractions. I hate to be a complainer but the first neighborhood was just much better. That neighborhood is the opposite of this one and would easily be titled the best one my family and I have lived in since living in Charlotte NC. By Tiaras It was the year of 2007 that my family and I moved to our first house in Blatantly.In friendships with our other neighbors in that neighborhood. Everyone was so friendly amongst one another. We'd all show common curtsey and wave to those we'd see. And we watched the kids play. We'd also go to the pool in the summer as another way any of these places whenever I wanted. Unfortunately, this all changed when my Then, Just when I thought I'd have a relief, summer came around. Of course, we both not made as many friends in this neighborhood as the previous one. People Just from all the attractions. I hate to be a complainer but the first neighborhood was Just

Location: Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India

Location: Bhogpur village, Dehra Dun district, India Introduction: The CAS project spanned two days in Bhogpur village. As a group of 32 students, we decided to combine creativity, action and service into one positive approach to work in the village in the short time we were there. Day 1 Total number of hours: 4 hours Total distance trekked: 4 km After lunch, our group decided that it was important for us to find out the problems of people in the area and to attempt to address them in whatever ways possible. To do this, it had been suggested that the group divided itself into pairs of two and went door to door in the village, interacting with the villagers. Although I believed that the idea was, on the whole, a positive one I was still apprehensive about the approach. Nevertheless, forcing myself to throw out any negativity, I decided to participate wholeheartedly in the interaction with the people of the village. Initially, my friend Shivaan and I had a hesitant start. I was extremely self-conscious and felt downright idiotic expecting unknown villagers to pour out their problems to strangers. But as we kept trekking through the village, I realized that the distance was merely in the head. The villagers ranged from old women to middle aged families and young adults. Some were very hesitant in talking to us but soon started interacting openly. Others were extremely vocal throughout. Shivaan and I noticed an underlying set of problems that pervaded the entire village. These included a water problem, an economic divide, gender issues, etc. I mulled over all these problems in vain. What was the solution that I could provide in a day, in a flourish to people who were far removed from who I was or where I lived? In the evening, my perception underwent a change. We decided to put up a program that would encompass two plays, a dance routine and a panel discussion. I was part of both the plays and enjoyed outlining the storylines and acting and directing at the same time. As we practiced, I thought about the initial negative attitude that I had had regarding the solutions we could provide to the villagers about the issues that they faced. Day 2 Total number of hours: 4 hours Total distance trekked: 2 km This was the day of the performance. Before an early breakfast, we moved to rehearse and have a run through of the entire performance one final time. Although there were occasional glitches, I managed to keep calm and be confident. We then trekked to the village area. After literally tugging villagers out of their homes to create an audience for our performance, we started. All four items were great successes. The smiles on the faces of the children and the curt nods between the adults said it all. Although it would have been far too optimistic to believe that we could make a huge difference in merely a day, I am sure that we did make a difference. We did ensure that the villagers realized what their problems were and also offered rudimentary, individualized solutions. With a smile on my own face, I realized that the entire effort resulted in success – we had, in some way or the other, managed to positively affect the villagers’ lives.

Conveyor Belt Essay Example

Conveyor Belt Essay Example Conveyor Belt Paper Conveyor Belt Paper Conveyor Belt Project Part 1 Project Description The new computer-controlled conveyor belt is an exciting project that moves and positions items on the conveyor belt within J millimeter. The project will produce a new system for future installations, and for replacement of those in the field, at a low cost. The computer-controlled conveyor belt has the potential to be a critical unit in 30 percent of the systems installed in factories. The new system is also easier to update with future technologies. The Project Priority Matrix for the Conveyor Belt Project (CBP) is: Constrain Enhance Accept Assignment Develop the WBS outline using the software available to you. TABLE A2. 6 Conveyor Belt Project; WBS Conveyor Belt Project Hardware Hardware specifications Hardware design Hardware documentation Prototypes Order circuit boards Assemble preproduction models Kernel specifications Drivers Disk drivers Serial I/O drivers Memory management Operating system documentation NetWork interface Utilities specifications Routine utilities Complex utilities Utilities documentation Shell Architectural decisions Integration first phase System hard/software test Project documentation Integration acceptance testing Question Does this information (WBS) allow you to define any milestones of the project? Why why not? What are they? Remember: Save your file for future exercises! or Use your file from Part I and the information provided below to complete this exercise. (See Table A2. 7. ) 1. Each work package will represent an activity. 2. The project begins January 4, 2010. 3. The following holidays are observed: January I, Memorial Day (last Monday in May), July 4th, Labor Day (first Monday in September), Thanksgiving Day (4th Thursday in November), December 25 and 26. 4. If a holiday falls on a Saturday then Friday will be given as an extra day off, and if it falls on a Sunday, then Monday will be given as a day off. 5. The project team work eight-hour days, Monday through Friday. Warning: Experience has taught students to frequently make separate backup files for each exercise. The software is never as friendly as users expect! Construct a network schedule for the conveyor belt project and prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: 1. When is the project estimated to be completed? How long will the project take? 2. What is the critical path(s) for the project? 3. Which activity has the greatest amount of slack? TABLE Al. 7 Activity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Conveyor Belt Project; Schedule Description Architectural decisions Hardware specifications Kernel specifications Utilities specifications Hardware design Disk drivers Memory management Operating system documentation Routine utilities Complex utilities Utilities documentation Hardware documentation Integration first phase Prototypes Serial I/O drivers System hard/software test Order circuit boards Network interface Shell Project documentation Assemble preproduction models Integrated acceptance testing Resource Design Development, design Design Development, design Design, development Assembly, development Development Design, documentation Development Development Documentation, design Documentation, design Assembly, development Assembly, development Development Assembly Purchasing Development Development Documentation, development Assembly, development Assembly, development Duration (days) 25 50 20 15 70 100 90 25 60 80 20 30 50 80 130 25 5 90 60 50 30 60 Preceding Activity 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6,7,8,9,10,11,12 13 13 14,15 16 16 16 16 17F-S, lag 50 days 18,19,20,21 4. How sensitive is this network? 5. Identify two sensible milestones and explain your choices. 6. Compare the advantages/disadvantages of displaying the schedule as a network versus a Gantt chart. Include the following printouts: A Gantt chart. A network diagram highlighting the critical path. A schedule table reporting. ES, LS, EF, LF, and slack for each activity. Hint: the project should be completed in 530 days. Remember: Save your file for future exercises! Remember the old saying, A project plan is not a schedule until resources are committed. This exercise illustrates this subtle, but very important, difference. Part A Using your files from Part 2 input resources and their costs if you have not already done so. All information is found in Tables A2. 7 and A2. 8. Prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: 1. Which if any of the resources are overallocated? 2. Assume that the project is time constrained and try to resolve any overallocation problems by leveling within slack. What happens? 3. What is the impact of leveling within slack on the sensitivity of the network? Include a Gantt chart with the schedule table after leveling within slack. 4. Assume the project is resource constrained and resolve any overallocation problems by leveling outside of slack. What happens? What are the managerial implications? 5. What options are available at this point in time? Include a Gantt chart with the schedule table after leveling outside of slack. Note: No splitting of activities is allowed. Note: No partial assignments (i. e. , 50 percent). All resources must be assigned 100 percent. When you show the resource-constrained network to top management, they are visibly shaken. After some explanation and negotiation they make the following compromise with you: The project must be completed no later than February 2, 2012 (530 days). You may assign two additional development teams. TABLE A2. 8 Organization Name Design Development Documentation Assembly/test Purchasing Group RD (2 teamsl RD (2 teams) RD (1 team) RD (1 team) Procurement (1 team) Cost ($/hr) $100 Resources 70 60 70 40 If this does not suffice, you may hire other development t eams from the outside. Hire as few external teams as possible because they cost $50 more per hour than your inside development people. Internal Development Add as many development units (teams) as needed to stay within the 530 days. If you need more than the two units, examine all possibilities. Select the cheapest possibilities! Change as few activities as possible. It is recommended you keep work packages which require cooperation of several organizational units inside your company. You decide how best to do this. Hint: Undo leveling prior to adding new resources. Once you have obtained a schedule that meets the time and resource constraints, prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: I. What changes did you make and why? 2. How long will the project take? 3. How did these changes affect the sensitivity of the network? Based on the file created at the end of Part 3, prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: I. How much will the project cost? 2. What does the cash flow statement tell you about how costs are distributed over the lifespan of the project? Include a monthly cash flow and a cost table for the project. Once you are confident that you have the final schedule, save the file as a baseline. Hint: Save a backup file just in case without baseline! Prepare status reports for each of the first four quarters of the project given the information provided here. This requires saving your resource schedule as a baseline and inserting the appropriate status report date in the program. Assume that no work has been completed on the day of the status report. Your status report should include a table containing the pv, EV, AC, BAC, EAC, Sv, Cv, and CPI for each activity and the whole project. The report should also address the following questions: I. How is the project progressing in terms of cost and schedule? 2. What activities have gone well? What activities have not gone well? 3. What do the pcm and PCIC indicate in terms of how much of the project has been accomplished to date? 4. What is the forecasted cost at completion (EACf)? What is the predicted VACf? 5. Report and interpret the TCPI for the project at this point in time. 6. What is the estimated date of completion? 7. How well is the project doing in terms of its priorities? 562 Appendix 2 Computer Project Exercises TABLE Al. 9 April 1, 2010 Activity Hardware specifications Kernel specifications Disk drivers Memory management Gp. ystems documentation Utilities specifications Complex utilities Architectural decisions Start Date Finish Date Actual Duration Remaining Duration 2/9/10 2/8/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/8/10 3/30/10 1/4/10 3/12/10 3/29/10 2/5/10 37 25 13 13 13 16 2 25 8 0 87 77 7 0 85 0 Try to present the above information in a form worthy of consideration by top management. Include a Tracking Gantt chart with each report. First Quarter, April 1, 2010 Table A2. 9 summarizes the information regarding activities accomplished to date. Be sure to save your file after each quarterly report and use it to build the next report! Second Quarter, July 1, 2010 Table A2. 1 0 summarizes the information regarding activities accomplished report. since the last Table A2. 1 summarizes the information regarding activities accomplished report. since the last Fourth Quarter, January 1, 2011 Table A2. 12 summarizes the information regarding activities accomplished report. since the last TABLE A2. 10 July 1,2010 Activity Hardware specifications Hardware design Kernel specifications Disk drivers Memory management Gp. systems documentation Utilities specifications Routine utilities* Complex utilities Utilities documentation Architectural decisions Start Date Finish Date Actual Duration Remaining Duration 2/9/10 4/13/10 2/8/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/8/10 4/2 6/10 3/30/10 5/3/10 1/4/10 4/12/10 3/12/10 4/16/10 3/29/10 6/2/10 2/5/10 45 56 25 77 77 25 16 47 66 22 25 11 0 33 19 0 0 18 25 0 0 The project manager for the external development team that was hired to perform routine utilities reported that due to commitments to other clients they would be able to start on that activity 4/26/1 O. Appendix 2 Computer Project Exercises 563 ing TABLE A2. 11 October 1,2010 Activity Start Date Finish Date In Actual Duration Remaining Duration ~nt. Hardware specifications Hardware design Hardware documentation Kernel specifications Disk drivers Memory management Op. systems documentation Utilities specifications Routine utilities Complex utilities Utilities documentation Architectural decisions Integration 1st phase /9/10 4/13/10 7/19/10 2/8/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/8/10 4/26/10 3/30/10 5/3/10 1/4/10 8/25/10 4/12/10 7/16/10 8/24/10 3/12/10 8/17/10 7/30/10 4/16/10 3/29/10 7/27/10 8/11/10 6/2/10 2/5/10 45 67 27 25 110 98 25 16 65 95 22 25 26 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 rt! TABLE A2. 12 January 1, 2011 Activity Start Date Finish Date Actual Duration Remaining Duration ast 1St .st Hardware specifications Hardware design Hardware documentation Prototypes Kernel specifications Disk drivers Serial I/O drivers Memory management Op. systems documentation Utilities specifications Routine utilities Complex utilities Utilities documentation Architectural decisions Integration 1st phase /9/10 4/13/10 7/19/10 11/11/10 2/8/10 3/15/10 11/11/10 3/15/10 3/15/10 3/8/10 4/26/10 3/30/10 5/3/10 1/4/10 8/25/10 4/12/10 7/16/10 8/24/10 3/12/10 8/17/10 7/30/10 4/16/10 3/29/10 7/27/10 8/11/10 6/2/10 2/5/10 11/10/10 45 67 27 34 25 110 34 98 25 16 65 95 22 25 55 0 0 0 44 0 0 119 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 You have received quarter: revised estimates for the remaining activities at the end of the fourth Prototypes will be completed on 3/8/11. Serial I/O drivers will be completed on 6130/11. System hardware/software test will start on 7/1/11 and take 25 days. O rder circuit boards will start on 8/8/11 and take 5 days. Assemble preproduction model will begin on 10/14/11 and take 18 days. Project ocumentation is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 55 days. Network interface is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 99 days. Shell is expected to start on 8/8/11 and will take 55 days. Integrated acceptance testing is expected to start on 12/29/11 and will take 54 days. Prepare a memo that addresses the following questions: 1. What is the new EAC for the project? How long should the project take given these revised estimates? 2. How happy will top management be with these forecasts given the priorities of the project? 3. What recommendations would you make? Include a revised schedule, a Tracking Gantt chart, and cost table with your memo.